倍性

Study on the pollen fertility and the process of pollen formation and development in autotetraploid rice showed that the pollen fertility was high (78.33%), though many abnormities appeared in this process.

通过对5个品种的同源四倍体水稻花粉发育过程和13 个品种的花粉育性调查结果表明，同源四倍体花粉平均育性为78.33%，明显比二倍体（91.85%）低。

is: the use of a small amount of lime-style Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate 0.5 kilograms, lime 0.175 kilograms, 50 kilograms plus water), or 50% carbendazim WP 1000 times, or 50% WPspraying 1000 times, to eliminate the ban and leaf anthracnose disease bacteria, 40 percent can be used 2000 times Rogor emulsion aphid virus eradication to prevent the occurrence of bunchy top disease

方法是：采用石灰少量式波尔多液（硫酸铜0.5千克，生石灰0.175千克，加水50千克）、或50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液、或50%托布津可湿性粉剂1000倍液喷洒，以消灭炭疽病和叶班病病菌，可用40%乐果乳剂2000倍液消灭带毒蚜虫，预防束顶病的发生。

In order to explore the chemical regulation of the plant type dwarfing of Coleus blumei, its cutting plantlets were used as the experimental materials in this research. Through studying its height and cytological characters of each treatment, we found that spraying 800-fold liquor of 15% Paclobutrazol wettable powder and 7,000-fold liquor of 5% Unlconazole (S3307D) on its leaves had significant dwarfing effect on it; 400-fold liquor of 50% chlormequat chloride had not any.

为了探索彩叶草株型矮化的化学控制，以其扦插幼苗为材料，通过对其株高及其细胞学特性研究，发现叶面喷施15%多效唑可湿性粉剂800倍液和5%烯效唑可湿性粉剂7000倍液对彩叶草株型具有显著的矮化作用；叶面喷施50%CCC水剂400倍液，矮化效果不显著。

The operation of these recessive genes influencing crossability with rye was similar to that of hexaploid common wheat.

通过与六倍体普通小麦相比较，结果表明四倍体小麦的可杂交性系统与六倍体小麦的可杂交性系统的作用方式是类似的。

On average, the SSC in winter is 2 times than that in summer; and the SSC in spring tide is 2.96 times than that in neap tide.(2) The correlation coefficient of the daily tidal range and SSC at a tide circle is 0.86, and it goes up to 0.96 and 0.93 with one day and two days lag of SSC. This reflects that there has a hysteresis of one or two days of SSC to the tidal range.

三年平均而言，冬季悬沙浓度为夏季的2.0倍，大潮悬沙浓度为小潮的2.8倍；(2)平均的大-小潮半月周期变化中日悬沙浓度与同日潮差之间的相关系数为0.86，(显著性水平0.01)，与提前1日潮差之间的相关系数为0.99(显著性水平0.01)，与提前2日潮差之间的相关系数为0.93(显著性水平0.01)，反映潮差变化对悬沙浓度的影响有1-2天的滞后效应；(3)芦潮港月均悬沙浓度与长江大通站的月均流量呈显著负相关，尤以流量滞后19天的相关性最好。

The results show that the microstructures of these three kinds of coating are different from those of the matrix (20 steel). The wear resistance of the flame spray coating is 4. 9 times that of the matrix. This is caused by the existance of hard noncrystal microparticals. The wear resistance of the coating by flame spray welding is 6. 3 times that of the matrix. The reason is that the fine crystal grains can be formed and the solution strengthening, dispersion hardening can be induced by these alloy elements. The resistance of the laser remelt coating is 8. 8 times that of the matrix. This is due to the solution strengthening, dispersion hardening and the existence of very hard dendritic crystal, eutectic and martensite in the microstructure.

作者指出，喷涂层由于层内有一定数量高硬度的合金非晶质点存在，其耐磨性是钢基体的4.9倍；喷熔层内合金晶化产生的晶粒细小，合金元素能起固溶强化作用，也能生成化合物产生弥散硬化作用，故此耐磨性是钢基体的6.3倍；激光涂敷层除所含合金元素产生的固溶强化和弥散硬化作用外，表层组织为高硬度的枝晶+共晶和马氏体，故其耐磨性是钢基体的8.8倍。

Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, the differential expression profiles of eleven selected genes were confirmed in the ovaries of triploid and diploid. These genes fell in gene categories with a wide range of functions. The results indicated that triploidy affects the dynamic gene regulatory network in triploid ovary. This study established a firm basis for future investigation on characterization of crucial molecular events for normal ovarian development in shrimp.To further dissect exact gene functions for gonad development of shrimp, three differentially expressed genes between diploid and triploid ovary, PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), CAS/CSE1 (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein/chromosome segregation 1) and SSRF (spermatogonial stem-cell renewal factor) were characterized on certain aspects.

利用抑制性消减杂交技术，建立了对虾二倍体和三倍体卵巢间的2个消减文库；在正向消减文库(以三倍体卵巢作为实验组，二倍体卵巢作为驱动组)中，鉴定到54个基因；在反向消减文库(以二倍体卵巢为实验组，三倍体卵巢为驱动组)中，鉴定到16个基因；选取11个差异表达的基因，利用半定量RT-PCR的方法对其在二倍体和三倍体卵巢间的表达进行了检测，均能很好地与消减结果相吻合；这些差异基因编码多种功能的蛋白，分析表明染色体的三倍化使三倍体卵巢中的基因调控网络受到了影响；为深入揭示维持卵巢正常发育的关键分子调控事件奠定了基础。

The call developmental process of Psittacula agapornis consists of five instinct phases according to its call character. In the first phase （congenital cal1 phase, CCP, 0~12 day of age）, the juveniles only produce single syllable with short syllable length. The second phase（blank-model-forming phase,BMFP, 13~30 day of age） is important for formation of vocal learning pathways. During this phase, the calls characterized by more and longer syllables. In the third phase （call-model-forming phase,CMFP, 31~45 day of age）, the call development is guided by a model system for vocal learning, vocal learning is engendered so that some calls with multi-syllables with UP1 are produced, principal frequency has increased about by 920 cent, the number of note is double that of second phase. The short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories in the forth phase （call-feedback-learning phase,CFLP, 46~90 day of age）. The call of juveniles is a close match to tutor call which accompanied by double various sounds with BS and UP1, and more resonance components were formed. Second principal frequency has increased about by 970 cent, the number of note increases by 2.6~3.0 times. During the fifth phase （excellent call phase,ECP, after 91 d）, vocal motor pathway is developed and the calls are accompanied with most stable, harmonious vari-tone and complex repertoire.

牡丹鹦鹉的鸣声发育分为5个时期。0~12 d为先天性鸣声期，鸣声特征为以基本音为主音的单音节单音调声，声长短。13~30 d为空白模板形成期，鸣声特征为以基本音为主音的多音节单音调声，声长和音量显著性增加，表明发声学习通路开始形成。31~45 d为鸣声模板形成期，鸣声特征为以第1陪音（UP1）为主音的多音节单变调声，声长和音量显著性增加，主音频提升约920音分，涵盖的律音数增加1倍，表明发声学习模板逐渐形成，发声学习开始。46~90 d为鸣声反馈学习期，鸣声特征为以BS和UP1为主音的双变调声，声长和音量显著性增加，主音频涵盖的律音数增加2.6~3.0倍，第2主音频提升约970音分，表明稳定模板逐渐形成，短期记忆逐渐向长期记忆转化。91 d后为完美鸣声期，鸣声特征为以UP1为主音的复合变音调声，声长、音量、主音频的提升和涵盖的律音数都趋于平稳，鸣声稳定而和谐，表明发声运动通路基本形成。

DNA C-values might be one of important indices in the evaluation of angiospermous invasiveness. To test this viewpoint, we compared DNA 1C-values and basic genome sizes in 3,676 angiosperms. The results suggest that:(1) the two nuclear values vary greatly among different groups, e.g., significantly higher in herbs than in trees, in monocots than in dicots, in perennials than in non-perennials;(2) the two nuclear values both have significant effects on plant invasiveness, especially in herbs, dicots, monocots, perennials, non-perennials, diploids, polyploids, Compositae, and Poaceae, while not significant in trees and Fabaceae.

DNA C值与被子植物入侵性密切相关，为考察应用DNA C值评估被子植物入侵性的可靠性和局限性，我们统计分析了全世界范围内3676种被子植物的DNA 1C值（配子未发生DNA复制时的染色体DNA含量）及基因组大小（单个染色体组的DNA 含量），结果表明：1）DNA 1C值和基因组大小在被子植物不同类群中差异极大，例如在草本植物中显著高于木本植物，单子叶植物显著高于双子叶植物，多年生植物显著高于非多年生植物；2）两项指标都与被子植物入侵性显著负相关，尤其是在草本植物、双子叶植物、单子叶植物、多年生植物、非多年生植物、二倍体、多倍体、菊科和禾本科中，然而在木本植物、豆科植物中其与植物入侵性无显著关系。

PART Ⅱ IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL EVIDANCE OF SIALIC ACID STRUCTURE IN CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AS THE CRITICAL ANTIGEN TO INDUCE PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY To demonstrate the critical role of NANA structure in the pathogenesis of allergic peripheral neuropathy induced by Campylobacter jejuni and provide immunopathological evidence to confirm the supposition of molecular mimicry and cross-immunity between CJ LPS and gangliosides in nerve.

LPS免疫后第2周实验豚鼠的免疫血清中，抗LPS IgG抗体滴度均明显增高，第3周达高峰，第5周仍维持在峰水平，野生株和突变株LPS免疫血清中的抗-野生株LPS IgG抗体滴度较各自免疫前分别增高8倍和4倍，抗-突变株LPS IgG抗体滴度则较各自免疫前分别增高6.5倍和15倍；(2)全身免疫后第3周和第5周，野生株LPS免疫血清中检测到较免疫前增高6倍的抗-GM1 IgG抗体，而NANA缺失的突变株LPS免疫血清中一直未检测到抗-GM1 IgG抗体；(3)野生株LPS免疫组中有17.3％的坐骨神经原纤维发生以轴索变性为主（占65％）的免疫性损伤，与突变株LPS免疫组和对照组比较均有显著性差异。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。