倍幅

Movement trajectories of electrons under complex field and state parameters when electrons return to the dielectric surface are obtained by simulation,such as impact energy and return time. Variation laws of electron movement with emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters are also derived. The emergence angle of electron has significant effect on the movement of electron,and there is an emergence angle in which the electron has the maximum trajectory length and impact energy.

研究发现：电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响，电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度，该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量；微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加，返回时间减小，微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡，这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因；随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。

Variation laws of electron movement with emergence angle and microwave electromagnetic parameters are also derived. The emergence angle of electron has significant effect on the movement of electron, and there is an emergence angle in which the electron has the maximum trajectory length and impact energy, Impact energy will increase and return time will reduce as increasing the amplitude of electric field, and both parameter would oscillate with the phase of electric field, which can essentially explain that multipactoring electron number oscillates in twice the frequency with the increase of microwave frequency, electron trajectory will change from parabolic-like movement to complex oscillation.

研究发现：电子出射角度对其运动状态有显著影响，电子存在运动轨迹最大的某一出射角度，该角度下电子拥有最大的撞击能量；微波电场幅值的增加将使电子撞击能量增加，返回时间减小，微波电场相位的变化使电子的撞击能量和返回时间呈周期振荡，这从本质上解释了电子数量在二次电子倍增过程中以微波频率两倍周期振荡的原因；随着微波频率的增加电子将由简单的类抛物线运动转变为复杂的振荡运动。

Close to the hyperfocal distance, the small-sensor camera has a much more than 1.6x the DOF of a full-frame camera.

如果在全幅机和小幅机上使用相同镜头，为了达到相同的视野而在不同的距离拍摄，小幅机比全幅机多1.6倍的景深。

If the excitation amplitude is constant and the excitation frequency is close to 3-times resonance frequency, the effect of the 3-times superharmonic resonance on the system response increases greatly.

当激励幅值不变、激励频率逐渐接近3倍超谐共振频率点时，3倍超谐振动成分对系统响应的影响逐渐增加，这表明立方非线性对系统的调节作用越来越强。

After undergoing a chaotic region, the period number will add one, in the same time, magnitude of the subharmonic response increases in sequence as the rotational speed ratio increases. When the rotational speed is below the critical speed, the chaotic bands resulted directly from a perioddoubling bifurcation occur among the successive orders of superharmonic responses, then they can return directly to periodic motion by a reversed period-doubling bifurcation.

在转速小于临界转速的情况下，在分岔图中各个连续阶亚谐运动的转换区中分别都出现了经由一个倍周期分岔直接导致的混沌频带，后又直接由一个逆倍周期分岔转化为周期一的运动，同时在三个混沌频带之间都出现了幅值突跳的现象。

The correction method of transversal magnification for the framing system was introduced.

理论上分析转镜分幅相机分幅系统放大倍率不一致产生的原因及因素。

The results show that the air crossing pressure pulse magnitude of the container generated in the tunnel is 3.46 times that generated in open air when container flat wagon at the speed of 160 km/h passed by EMU moving at the same speed. Both the lateral force and overturning moment of the container train during the crossing induced in open air and tunnel are approximately proportional to the square of running speed of the passing train. The pressure of crossing side and uncrossing side for the container flat wagon is almost equal since the one-dimensional characteristic of pressure distributing induced in the tunnel is not faintish. Consequently, the value of the lateral force and overturning moment of the container train generated in open air is greater than that generated in the tunnel, about 1.1 times.

研究结果表明：集装箱平车以160 km/h的速度与动车组等速交会时，在隧道内会车时车载集装箱中部压力变化幅值是在明线会车时的3.46倍；在明线和隧道内会车时，集装箱列车受到的侧向力和侧滚力矩均与交会列车运行速度近似成平方关系；因隧道内压力分布一维特性较强，集装箱平车交会侧与非交会侧压力相差并不大，因此，在明线会车时集装箱平车受到的侧向力和侧滚力矩均比隧道会车时的大，大约是其1.1倍。

The amplitude of acceleration parallel to tractional direction is about ten times as that of acceleration in vertical direction for test points on soil.

地基中测点平行于牵引方向的加速度幅值大约是垂直牵引方向的加速度幅值的10倍。

By virtue of bifurcation diagrams, Poincaré maps, orbits, time histories and frequency spectrum diagrams, the nonlinear dynamic responses of the generator rotor and hydraulic turbine rotor with coupling faults were analyzed. The results confirmed rich nonlinear motions such as periodic motion and quasi-periods with different values of parallel misalignment and declination. Moreover, the process of rub-impact is so complex that many low frequencies with large amplitude are in the range of

通过分岔图、Poincaré截面图、轴心轨迹图、时域波形图和幅值谱图系统地分析了发电机转子与水轮机转子在耦合故障下非线性动力学响应，发现机组转子系统随不对中平行量和偏角变化存在周期运动和复杂的拟周期，其碰摩过程非常复杂，机组故障特征频率除主要在1倍频外，还在0.3~0.4倍频处存在幅值较大的谐波分量。

The standard deviation of factor, regerssion equation and correlation coefficient between estimated and actual leaf area all demonstrated the adequency of the model The leaf length and width were used to calculate total leaf area per plant for Phalaenopsis white hybrid grown in phytotron at various day/night temperature After 9-month experiment, plants grown at 30/25℃ increased 1.4 and 3.8 times total leaf area compared with plants grown at 25/20℃ and 20/15℃, respectively.

由於检定有共同斜率之存在，故不计大小可求得共同估值的0.825，并由常数之变异范围、叶面积估值与实际叶面积之廻归方程式及相关系数确知其适用性，以叶面积估算决比较不同温度对白花蝴蝶兰生长之影响，则不论叶幅、叶面积增加量、长叶率均以日／夜温30／25℃增加量最大，其叶面积增加量为25/20℃之1.4倍，20/15℃之3.8倍。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。