修辞手段

Metaphor or metonymy assumes variable degrees of conventionalization, which leads to a range of phenomena relative to semantics/ pragmatics continuum.

引言在语用与心理语言学的文献中，隐喻、转喻这一类修辞不再只是一种以修饰和文学为目的的语言手段，而是与植根在人类心智内的意象保持一致(Lakoff，1987；Gibbs，1994；刘正光，2002)。

It uncovers the prosess of evolution from "Single"to "Plentiful","Objective" to "Subjective","Expressness to Appearance","Sealing" to "Openness". It also uncovers the tranformation from "Epic" to "Normal","Group" to "Personality","Cousciouness Ideology "to "Folk ".

若从结构类型和结构手段分析，小说文体经历了由"单一"向"繁富"、由"客观"向"主观"、由"表现"到"呈现"、由"封闭"到"开放"的变化；若从文体修辞的角度透视，小说文体则经历了从"宏大"到？

It causes to misplace to accept by rhetoric on the surface. But,in fact,it is a political tactic means by the ruler.

从表面看它是由修辞接受错位造成的，实质上，它是统治者实现政治目的的策略手段。

But of more importance than the sheer inventions, if only because much more numerous, are extensions of the vocabulary, both absolutely and in ready workableness, by the devices of rhetoric.

误译：比单纯地创造新词更为重要，也仅仅因为是数量更多的，是通过修辞的手段来扩大词汇，这种扩大是最基本的，也是随时可以进行的。

I thank the gods for giving me such a brother, who was able by his moral character to rouse me to vigilance over myself, and who, at the same time, pleased me by his respect and affection; that my children have not been stupid nor deformed in body; that I did not make more proficiency in rhetoric, poetry, and the other studies, in which I should perhaps have been completely engaged, if I had seen that I was making progress in them; that I made haste to place those who brought me up in the station of honour, which they seemed to desire, without putting them off with hope of my doing it some time after, because they were then still young; that I knew Apollonius, Rusticus, Maximus; that I received clear and frequent impressions about living according to nature, and what kind of a life that is, so that, so far as depended on the gods, and their gifts, and help, and inspirations, nothing hindered me from forthwith living according to nature, though I still fall short of it through my own fault, and through not observing the admonitions of the gods, and, I may almost say, their direct instructions; that my body has held out so long in such a kind of life; that I never touched either Benedicta or Theodotus, and that, after having fallen into amatory passions, I was cured; and, though I was often out of humour with Rusticus, I never did anything of which I had occasion to repent; that, though it was my mother's fate to die young, she spent the last years of her life with me; that, whenever I wished to help any man in his need, or on any other occasion, I was never told that I had not the means of doing it; and that to myself the same necessity never happened, to receive anything from another; that I have such a wife, so obedient, and so affectionate, and so simple; that I had abundance of good masters for my children; and that remedies have been shown to me by dreams, both others, and against bloodspitting and giddiness...; and that, when I had an inclination to philosophy, I did not fall into the hands of any sophist, and that I did not waste my time on writers of histories, or in the resolution of syllogisms, or occupy myself about the investigation of appearances in the heavens; for all these things require the help of the gods and fortune.

我感谢神明给了我这样一个兄弟，他能以他的道德品格使我警醒，同时又以他的尊重和柔情使我愉悦；感谢神明使我的孩子既不愚笨又不残废，使我并不熟谙修辞、诗歌和别的学问，假如我看到自己在这些方面取得进展的话，本来有可能完全沉醉于其中的；我感谢神明使我迅速地给予了那些培养我的人以他们看来愿意有的荣誉，而没有延宕他们曾对我寄予的愿我以后这样做的期望（因为他们那时还是年轻的）；我感谢神明使我认识了阿珀洛尼厄斯、拉斯蒂克斯、马克西默斯，这使我对按照自然生活，对那种依赖神灵及他们的恩赐、帮助和灵感而过的生活得到了清晰而巩固的印象，没有什么东西阻止我立即按照自然生活，然而我还是因为自己的过错，因为没有注意到神灵的劝告（我几乎还可以说是他们的直接指示）而没有达到它；我的身体置于这样一种生活之外如此之久，我从未达到本尼迪克特或西奥多图斯的高度，但在陷入情欲之后，我还是被治愈了；虽然我常常达不到拉斯蒂克斯的那种气质，但还是没有做过使我悔恨的事情；虽然我母亲不能尽其天年而终，但她最后的年月是与我在一起的；在我希望帮助任何需要帮助的人的时候，或在任何别的场合，我都不感到我缺乏这样做的手段；而对我自己来说却不会有同样的需要：即需要从别人那里得到的东西；我有一个十分温顺、深情和朴实的妻子；我有许多优秀的教师来教育我的孩子；通过梦和其他办法，我发现各种药物来治疗咯血和头昏……当我有一种对哲学的爱好时，我没有落入任何诡辩家之手，没有在历史作品上，或者在三段论法的解决上浪费时间，也没有专注于探究天国的现象；而上面所有这些事情都要求有神灵和命运的帮助。

Wang Xijie regards rhetoric activities as activities to select from different synonymic means and rhetoric as summation of the planning of selection laws for synonymic means.

王希杰先生认为：修辞活动就是同义手段的选择活动。修辞，是同义手段的选择规律规则的总和。

It believes that the lexical cohesion in restatement is mainly realized by synonyms, hyponyms, and the related words, which construct cohesion both within the sentence and between sentences.

从语篇分析的角度对语意反复进行了研究，指出这种修辞手段中的词汇衔接主要由同义词、上下义词以及相关词来实现，它们在句内和句子之间构成衔接；四。

Punning, as a rhetorical vehicle with the effect of drawing attentions and holding connotations, is attached much importance to by the admen and is widely used in advertising.

提要：双关作为一种有效的语言修辞手段，既引人入胜，又能丰富内涵，因此也引起很多广告人的注意，并为其所广泛运用。

Synaesthesia is not only a linguistic phenomenon or a figure of speech, but an important and fundamental mode of cognition shared among human beings.

通感并不仅仅是一种语言现象或修辞手段，同时也是一种人类共有的认知方式，具有重要而基础的认知作用。

Before Christmas,I made fruitcakes, decorated the house and wrapped dozens of toys.

而且，要在考试中拿高分，也要注意恰当地使用修辞手段。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。