信贷控制

Through the pectination of the practices, core mechanisms, development experiences and existing problems, the assumptions for the development of future micro-finance projects will be put forward in order to contribute somewhat to the design, implementation of the future loan projects financed by international financial organizations and to the micro-finance development in China

据此，笔者提出下述结论：在今后的项目实践中，笔者认为应逐步减少政府参与，推行以非政府组织为借贷主体的转贷新模式；积极探索灵活的利率政策，推动差别化利率；建立小额信贷的风险控制机制和监管框架，完善相关法律法规。

In general,(1) price fixing and rationing regulations were ended too soon, before the output of peacetime goods had risen to a level high enough to absorb the accumulated purchasing power in the hands of consumers from their efforts in war production; thus, the slowness of reconversion from war production to peace production caused a short supply at a time of high demand;(2) the Allied exchanges, which had been controlled during the war, were unpegged in March 1919 and at once fell to levels revealing the great price disequilibrium between countries;(3) purchasing power held back during the war suddenly came into the market;(4) there was an expansion of bank credit because of postwar optimism;(5) budgets remained out of balance because of reconstruction requirements, reparations, demobilization expenses (as in the United States, Italy, and so on); and (6) production of peacetime goods was disrupted by revolutions (as in Hungary, Russia, and so on) or strikes (as in the United States, Italy, France, and so on).

一般而言（1）固定价格和配给的管理机制结束太早，和平时期商品的产量尚未上升到足以吸纳消费者们在军工生产中聚积在手中的购买力，这样，战时生产转换到和平时期生产的缓慢过程中，在一段时间内，产生了供给不足而需求旺盛。（2）战争期间，盟国的外汇兑换曾被人为控制，1919年3月，管制解除，一时之间，国家之间价格的失衡就显现出来。（3）战争期间被抑制的购买力突然涌入市场。（4）战后，乐观主义抬头，银行信贷扩张。（5）因为重建家园的需求、战争赔款、裁军花费，预算始终不能平衡。（6）和平时期商品的生产不断被革命或罢工（如美国、意大利、法国等等）所扰乱。

Current monetary policy adopted by the Chinese government, such as credit control size, improve deposit reserve rate, a further adjustment lending and rediscount rates, the tightening trend evident.

目前中国政府采取的货币政策，如控制信贷规模、提高存款准备金率、调整再贷款和再贴现利率等，收紧的倾向明显。

Second, Chinas fixed exchange rate makes it hard to keep credit growth under control.

第二，中国的固定汇率制度使得很难控制信贷增长。

They were triggered by the Federal Reserve's unusually tight control of money and credit.

这两起衰退是由于联邦储备系统特别加紧控制货币和信贷引起的。

Inspection: Final at Load port for Weight/Quality/Quantity, Packing and Analysis as per the certificates issued by Vina Control, SGS/OMIC/Bureau Veritas Vietnam.

检验：最后在港口负荷重量/品质/数量，包装和分析，每维娜控制，信贷/奥米奇签发的证书/法国国际检验局越南。

Chapter!? expounds the five main aspect of risk in national commercial bank, i.e..signal liability structure,bad loan quality, low capital efficiency, imperfect restriction on interior power, thin consciousness on risk avoidance;summarizes five characters of the bank risks, including risk concentration, moral risk, risks caused by system structure, inequi ty between bank risks and revenues, aggrandizement trend of bank risks;analysis eight reasons for bank risks, including proprietary ownership voidance,macroeconomic fluctuation, ineffective capita buffer mechanism, enterprise reasons.no synchronous fiscal investment and financial reform, incompetence law and regulation enforcement.

紧接着在第三章阐述了我国国有商业银行风险的"五大表现"，即负债结构单一、信贷资产质量差、资本充足率低、内部控制机制薄弱、防范风险的意识淡薄；总结了我国国有商业银行风险的"五大特点"，即风险高度集中、风险人为匿藏、风险的体制性、风险与收益严重不对称、风险呈继续扩大态势；剖析了我国国有商业银行风险形成的"八大因素"，即金融产权"人格"虚设、宏观经济波动、资本金等缓冲机制不健全、财政、投资和金融的体制改革不配套、法律和法规不健全等。

The banks need to make scientifically credit evaluation of information of credit costumer before granting credit loans, objectively, comprehensively and accusatively evaluate repayment capability and repayment willing of consumer, and avoid, control and reduce bad debt loss.

银行需要在发放信用贷款之前，对信贷客户进行科学的信用评估，客观、全面、准确地评估消费者的还款能力和还款意愿，以避免、控制、减少坏账损失。

When UBS and Credit Suisse, the other big Swiss bank, recover from this crisis it will put tougher controls and higher capital charges on high-rolling investment banking. If that sends the business offshore, says Daniel Zuberbühler, director of the regulator and the self-styled Rhett Butler of supervision, then "frankly...I don't give a damn".

当ubs和瑞士信贷从这场危机恢复过来之后，它将加强控制以及提高投资银行资本成本，如果这会使业务转移到其他地方，监管主管自我标榜为监管的白瑞德的Daniel Zuberbühler说，坦率的说，我不在乎。

In such circumstances, direct controls on credit may have been a more effective way to curb overinvestment.

在这种情况下，直接控制信贷可能会更有效地遏制过度投资。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。