信用证

In the case of documentary letter of credit, any discrepancy, even in minor details,between the documents presented and those specified in the credit may lead to refusal by the bank to make payment.

在使用跟单信用证付款的情况下，所出示的单据和信用证中所规定的情况有任何不符，示的单据和信用证中所规定的情况有任何不符，甚至是微小的差异都可能导致银行拒绝付款。

The documentary credit or letter of credit is an undertaking issued by a bank for the account of the buyer or for its own account, to pay the beneficiary the value of the draft and/or documents provided that the terms and conditions of the documentary credit are complied with.

跟单信用证或信用证是银行根据买方的要求和指示或以银行自身的名义开立的，凭符合信用证条款的单据，向卖方支付一定金额的书面承诺。

The letter of credit already became one of international trade most important payment ways, promoted the international trade smoothly to carry on, but the letter of credit independence principle of abstraction as well as correlation legislation being short of, enabled in the letter of credit use process to have each kind of risk, soft provision question then was model one kind.

求论文摘要的英文翻译，感激涕零论文中文摘要的翻译实在举步维艰，十分感谢各位好心人帮忙！！信用证已经成为国际贸易最重要的支付方式之一，促进了国际贸易的顺利进行，但是信用证的独立抽象原则以及相关立法的欠缺，使得信用证使用过程中存在各种风险，其中软条款问题便是其中典型的一种。

But, because the letter of credit transaction has independence principle of abstraction, also enables some illegal merchants to have an opportunity, to seek the sudden and huge profits, uses the letter of credit big line of cheat energy.

帮忙翻译一下，很急很急，关于信用证的几句话但是，由于信用证交易具有的独立抽象原则，也使得一些不法商人有机可乘，为了谋取暴利，利用信用证大行欺诈之能。

We always re quire l/c for our exports.

b： 史密特先生，你一定知道，不可撤消的信用证给出口商增加了银行的担保。我们出口一向要求用信用证；反过来讲，我们进口也采用信用证付款。

AT THE REQUEST OF THE ABOVE NAMED ISSUING BANK, WE ARE PLEASED TO ADVISE YOU THAT THE ABOVE SPECIFIED DOCUMENTARY CREDIT HAS BEEN ISSUED IN YOUR FAVOUR. FOR FURTHER DETAILS, PLEASE REFER TO THE ENCLOSED CREDIT INSTRUMENT. AS WE HAVE NOT BEEN INSTRUCTED TO ADD OUR CONFIRMATION, THIS CREDIT IS BEING ADVISED TO YOU WITHOUT ANY ENGAGEMENT OR RESPONSIBILITY ON OUR PARY.

应上述开证行请求，我行很高兴地通知你方，上述跟单信用证已以你方为受益人开出，此外，请参照封入的信用证文件，由于我行未被指示保兑，故本信用证仅通知你方，而我行并不承担任何责任。

However, the transferable credit would need to specifically state that any transfer thereunder must be for 100% of the value of the credit and that there is to be no substitution of documents.

然而，可转让信用证需要明确定规定信用证项下的转让必须是100%的信用证金额，而且没有单据的替换。

For any second beneficiary that rejected the amendment, the transferred credit will remain unamended.

如果信用证转让给数名第二受益人，其中一名或多名第二受益人对信用证修改并不影响其对接受者而言该已转让信用证即被相应修改，而对拒绝改的第二受他第二受益人接受修改。

The letter of credit can not prevent from cheating per se, therefore, the law case occurrence rate the letter of credit is defrauded is very high, and the number defrauding is enormous, trade , the developing country having destroyed international room regularity gravely are that being more that the letter of credit defrauds sends out area more.

信用证本身不能防止欺诈，因此，信用证诈骗案件发生率很高，且诈骗数额巨大，严重破坏了国际间的正常贸易，发展中国家更是信用证诈骗的多发地区。

But UCP was not fully applicable nor appropriate for standbys,even the least complexstandbys(those calling for presentation of a draft only)pose problems not addressed by theUCP more complex standbys(those involving longer terms or automatic extensions,transferon demand,requests that the beneficiary issue its own undertaking to another,and the like)require more specialized rules of practice.

本文采用历史的方法、比较分析的方法、归纳的方法、理论联系实际的方法，以对备用信用证制度的研究为核心，通过对备用信用证制度与其它相关制度、各国国内相关实践与国际范围内的相关实践的比较分析，试图从时间和空间两个角度来揭示备用信用证制度发展和运作的内在规律，并探讨与之其关的法律问题。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。