信用证

This article from the introduction freight bill letter of credit's meaning, the flow extremely related characteristic obtains, further discusses letter of credit's risk question, begins from the import-export trade company's service condition to analyze the letter of credit risk each kind of situation, for instance letter of credit's cheat already one of typify risks.

本文从介绍跟单信用证的含义、流程极其相关特点入手，进一步探讨信用证的风险问题，从进出口贸易公司的业务状况着手分析信用证风险的各种情况，比如信用证的欺诈现已成为典型的风险之一。

Letter of credit due to a relatively independent, the actual amount of non-shipment affect the letter of credit negotiation, you just follow the letter of credit required to submit the appropriate documentation can be (up to cargo scanning is the bill of lading and letters of credit a little bit inconsistent, anyway, under normal circumstances payment will be for the Bank does not match.).

由于信用证结算相对独立，实际出货的多少不影响信用证的议付，你只要按照信用证要求提交相应的单据即可（最多就是提单上的货描和信用证有点不符，反正付款行在一般情况下都会替不符。）。

The letter of credit cheat is the civil cheat in the letter of credit domain one kind of special manifestation, causes the basic reason which the letter of credit cheats is the letter of credit law system independence principle of abstraction.

信用证欺诈是民事欺诈在信用证领域的一种特殊表现形式，导致信用证欺诈的根本原因是信用证法律制度的独立抽象原则。

The conclusion of this thesis is that it is necessary to establish the legal position of standby L/C and extend the applicable scope of standby L/C;China shall sign the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-By Letters of Credit as soon as possible and take Article 19 as the basis for the determination of fraud; As for the measures taken by the court, we shall issue an injunction for payment instead of order of freeze.

最后得出的结论是：应以法律形式明确备用信用证的法律地位并放宽备用信用证的适用范围；在欺诈的认定上，我国应尽快加入《联合国独立保证与备用信用证公约》，以其第十九条作为我国法院认定欺诈的依据；对于法院的救济措施，我国应执行《最高人民法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定》中的有关条款，以止付令取代以前的冻结令。

He put forwards that the article 4 of crime of L/C fraud in Chinese Criminal Law isn"t in compliance with the principle of penalty according to criminal law, and it will destroy L/C system. The principles of fairness, honest and credibility and prohibition of civil right abuse in General Rules of Civil Law have the feature of indetermination. The litigation of civil right attached to criminal procedure and litigation property save in the Code of Criminal Procedure, in view of their imperfection, cause the repeating capital frozen by police bureau, procuratorate and court. In view of low requirement of civil litigation capital save in Civil Procedure law, the frequent capital frozen happens all the time. Summary of Panel Discussion Concerning Chinese Coastal Area"s Economic and Judicial Work, owing to its low status and evidence"s inexplicitness of issuing ban, results in judger"s unrestrained jurisdiction power. Therefore, this author concludes that the characteristics of fragmentsand imperfection of Chinese L/C laws are disadvantageous to the perfection of the L/C legislation system ,and can not instruct judges to try the cases of L/C fraud effectively.

由于《美国统一商法典》的第五章关于信用证欺诈的规定相对我国法律而言比较完善，笔者在本文对其也作了论述，以期对我国未来的立法有所启示；第三部分主要分析了我国目前的有关信用证欺诈的规定，并指出《刑法》的有关信用证诈骗罪的规定的第4款不符合罪刑法定的要求，它对信用证的运行机制有极强的破坏性；《民法通则》中与信用证欺诈有关的公平、诚实信用、禁止权利滥用原则有其适用时的不确定性；《刑事诉讼法》关于刑事附带民事及诉讼保全的规定，由于规定的不完善，导致公、检、法等各机关对信用证的重复冻结；由于《民事诉讼法》对财产保全的条件要求过低，导致实践中信用证冻结频繁发生；《会谈纪要》由于其效力低和对发布禁令要求的证据并不明确，导致实践中法官的自由裁量权无限扩大。

The First Beneficiary may request that payment or negotiation be effected to the Second Beneficiary at the place to which the Credit has been transferred up to and including the expiry date of the Credit, unless the original Credit expressly states that it may not be made available for payment or negotiation at a place other than that stipula ted in the Credit.

除非原信用证明确表明不得在原信用证规定以外的地方办理付款或议付，第一受益人可以要求在信用证的受让地，并在信用证到期日内，对第二受益人履行付款或议付。

Letter of Credit transaction follows two basic principles: absolute nonobjective and strict compliance principles, this two principles is the main reason for causing Letter of Credit cheating; much profits makes many speculators to do Letter of Credit cheating; and because the bank's negotiation documents have not stable forms, the banes can forge them; it increases the possibilities of Letter of Credit cheating to have many middleman as well as large usage of transferable Letter of Credit; it is one of the reasons for Letter of Credit cheating occurred that the foreign traders have lower quality and the cheated persons have lower sense of precaution.

信用证交易遵循两大基本原则：独立抽象性原则和严格相符原则，这两个原则是造成信用证欺诈的主要原因；暴利驱使大量的投机商从事信用证欺诈活动；作为银行付款凭证的单据，目前并无统一固定的格式，均可进行伪造；国际贸易中中间商的大量存在和可转让信用证的大量使用，增加了欺诈的可能性；从事国际贸易的业务人员素质低和被欺诈人防范意识差、知识缺乏也是信用证欺诈屡屡得手的原因之一。

Second chapter is about the application and exclusion of the principle on abmraction of credit. The most basic principle of L/C system is the principle of abmraction of credit , which is of great significance. In this chapter, I introduce the definition and the basic theory of this principle, the exception of this principle as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this principle.

进而本文对信用证及信用证交易的含义进行了说明，对信用证多方当事人及信用证交易的操作流程进行了介绍，在第三节中对信用证与信用证基础交易的关系进行了分析介绍，对两者的联系和区别进行了研究分析。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

At last, by analyzing the similarities and differences of legislation and judicature systems concerned of foreign country, the article discusses some good defense countermeasure that we should adopt by drawing lessons from the foreign country. Later it analyses providing concerned about criminal law, civil law, maritime law which are related to crime of cheat on L/C and points out the defects our legal system. Following that, it puts forward concrete proposal of legislation and judicature on proposal of legislation and judicature on improving legal system and taking strong measures against the behavior of crime of cheat on L/C. At last the article discusses the way to solve the self梥aving measures that every party should adopt and the concrete measurers that international organization uses to defense against cheat of L/C.

通过对西方国家有关信用证欺诈及其犯罪的立法、司法制度的比较分析，论述我国应该借鉴外国一些有益的防治措施，对我国的刑法、民法、海商法等涉及信用证欺诈的相关规定进行剖析，指出我国信用证欺诈方面法制的不健全之处，对完善我国信用证欺诈的法律体系与打击信用证欺诈犯罪行为提出具体的立法、司法建议；同时探讨信用证欺诈在法律冲突时的解决办法以及各方当事人应该采取的自力性救济措施和国际组织在防治信用证欺诈方面的具体措施。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新