信用公司债

We should set up creditrating supervised by prima ry bondholder.

我国公司债应建立主要债权人监控下的信用评级制度。

With the implementation of Newton's Interpolation Formula, we successfully estimate the unobserved bond credit spread with positive or negative credit ratings, such as: twA+, twA-, twBB+.

配合牛顿内插法公式，将债信评等等级有正、负号之公司债，如twA+、twA-、twBB+…等，顺利微调出合理的信用利差，成功地解决了正、负号信用利差资料为不可观察的问题。

Because company debt undertaking directly correlates with the specific benefit of company creditor. In order to the safety and credit of market business, how to protecting the benefit of company creditor and establishing the perfect protection system has become a protrusive and important problem.

由于公司债务承担直接关系到公司债权人的特定利益，为维护市场交易安全和信用，如何保护公司债债权人的利益，建立完善的公司债债权人保护制度，便突显成一个重要的问题。

it has great significant to build credit spreads index which shows the yield spread between treasury bonds and corporate bonds. credit spreads index is not only the criterion of notes pricing for brokers and investors, but also the measure of corporate credit.

构造国债收益率和公司债收益率之间的差距即信用利差指数具有重要的意义，不仅为券商和债券投资者提供债券定价依据，还可以度量发债公司的平均信用水平，为宏观经济的运行提供参考。

This research used option-based structural model: Merton Model and the Implied Volatility Model which visualized an option on the firm's equity that expired before the debt mature was a compound option and was proposed by Hull, Nelken and White in 2004. Then compare the fitting and ranking ability in the model implied credit spread of the two structural model to the observed bond credit spread between corporate bond yield and bond yield in Taiwan's listed companies.

本研究运用选择权基础的信用风险模型：Merton(1974)模型与Hull， Nelken and White(2004)提出将个股选择权视为复合选择权的Implied Volatility模型，比较这两个结构式信用风险模型所计算出的隐含信用利差对台湾上市、柜公司之公司债殖利率与公债殖利率间实际的信用利差之配适能力与排序能力。

Different risks have different insurance needs, and therefore, for the purchase of personal loan business, at least three types of insurance required : First, the housing mortgage property insurance, the main victims of accidents and protect property damaged by natural disaster risks; Second, lenders regular credit life insurance, principal owing on the loan guarantee period by the lender or accidental injury and disease incapacity or death situation, banks can secure their loans, lenders families can continue to live; Third mortgage purchase a performance bond insurance, in which insurance, the insurance companies play the role of the guarantor to charge a premium for the purchase of security costs, credit for the purchase and the provision of economic security, as was the guarantor for death, unemployment causes an inability owing on the loan, the insurance companies on behalf of their debt to banks liquidated I, at the same time exercise the right to recover from the collateral, or to the insured recover compensation awards.

不同的风险有不同的保险需求，因此，对于个人贷款购房业务，起码需要三类保险的保障：一是抵押住房的财产保险，主要保障房产遭受意外事故和自然灾害毁损的风险；二是贷款者的定期信用人寿保险，主要保证还贷期内在贷款人因疾病或意外伤害而丧失工作能力或死亡的情况下，银行能安全收回贷款，贷款者的家人能继续居住；三是抵押贷款购房履约保证保险，在这种保险中，保险公司扮演了担保人的角色，向购房人收取一定的保险费作为担保费，并为购房人的经济信用提供担保，当被担保人因为死亡、失业等约定原因无力还贷时，保险公司代其向银行清偿余债，同时行使追偿权，从抵押物中得到补偿或向投保人追回赔款。

Generally, the process of getting loans on the basis of the existence of different risk factors, personal loans purchase at least three types of business risk protection : First, the housing mortgage property insurance, the main victims of accidents and protect property damaged by natural disaster risks; Second, lenders regular credit life insurance, mainly in the loan owing on the loan period of injury as a result of illness or accident and incapacity or death of bank guarantee safe recovery loans to the families of those who continue to live; Third mortgage purchase insurance performance bond, mainly because when the guarantor of death, unemployment causes an inability owing on the loan, insurance companies on behalf of their debt to banks liquidated I, at the same time exercise the right to recover from the collateral, or to the insured recover compensation awards.

一般而言，根据贷款买房过程中存在的不同风险因素，个人贷款购房业务至少需要三类风险保障：一是抵押住房的财产保险，主要保障房产遭受意外事故和自然灾害毁损的风险；二是贷款者的定期信用人寿保险，主要是在还贷期内贷款人因疾病或意外伤害而丧失工作能力或死亡的情况下，保证银行能安全收回贷款，贷款者的家人能继续居住；三是抵押贷款购房履约保证保险，主要是在当被担保人因为死亡、失业等约定原因无力还贷时，保险公司代其向银行清偿余债，同时行使追偿权，从抵押物中得到补偿或向投保人追回赔款。

Bank sources told reporters that the key is in fact now unreasonable categories, personal loans purchase operations at least three risk protection : First, protect property suffered major accidents and natural disasters, the risk of collateral damage to housing property insurance; Second, lenders regular credit life insurance, mainly in the loan owing on the loan period of injury as a result of illness or accident and incapacity or death of bank guarantee safe recovery loans to the families of those who continue to live; Third mortgage purchase insurance performance bond, mainly because when the guarantor of death, unemployment causes an inability owing on the loan, insurance companies on behalf of their debt to banks liquidated I, at the same time exercise the right to recover from the collateral, or to the insured recover compensation awards; Now the market is the impact of policies, mostly property insurance, and lack of a man-made object of the life insurance products.

银行有关人士告诉记者，其实现在不合理的关键是险种问题，个人贷款购房业务至少需要三类风险保障：一是主要保障房产遭受意外事故和自然灾害毁损的风险的抵押住房的财产保险；二是贷款者的定期信用人寿保险，主要是在还贷期内贷款人因疾病或意外伤害而丧失工作能力或死亡的情况下，保证银行能安全收回贷款，贷款者的家人能继续居住；三是抵押贷款购房履约保证保险，主要是在当被担保人因为死亡、失业等约定原因无力还贷时，保险公司代其向银行清偿余债，同时行使追偿权，从抵押物中得到补偿。。。。。。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。