信用

With the development of market economy in our country,the problems of credit gradually emerges.December,the 23rd,2002,the draft plan of Civil Law Act in the first hearing of the national people's standing committee's 31st meeting.The credit right first appeared in the personality right chapter,which regulated the person and legal person have the credit right,and none can infringe their credit by defaming.

伴随着我国市场经济的发展，信用问题逐渐浮出水面。2002年12月23日，民法典草案提请全国人大常委第三十一次会议的初审中，信用权首次出现在单独成篇的人格权中，明确规定自然人，法人享有信用权，禁止用诋毁的方式侵害自然人，法人的信用。

If the credit risks of the debtor and the corresponding risk agios have undergone any change after the issuance of the liability instrument, the current prices or interest rates of similar liability instruments shall be referred to and the adjustment to the differences between different financial instruments shall be taken into consideration in the determination of the fair value of the liability instrument.

债务人的信用风险和相应的信用风险贴水在债务工具发行后发生改变的，应当参考类似债务工具的当前价格或利率，并考虑金融工具之间的差异调整，确定债务工具的公允价值。

Where the credit risks of the debtor and the applicable credit risk agios remain unchanged after the issuance of the liability instrument, the benchmark interest rate may be adopted to estimate the interest rate of the current market so as to determine the fair value of the liability instrument.

债务人的信用风险和适用的信用风险贴水在债务工具发行后没有改变的，可使用基准利率估计当前市场利率确定债务工具的公允价值。

Jeremy Badman, partner in the strategic IT and operations practice focusing on investment banks at Ol iver Wyman, highlights the problem that arose with credit default swaps, a mechanism used by banks to lay off risk that has turned into a market measured in trillions of dollars.

杰里米·巴德曼是奥纬咨询的合伙人，专注于投资银行的战略性IT和运维实践。他突出说明了信用违约调期衍生的问题，信用违约调期本来是银行解除风险的一种工具，现在它变成了上万亿美元的一个市场。

Jeremy Badman, partner in the strategic IT and operations practice 1）focusing on investment banks at Oliver Wyman, 2）highlights the problem that arose with credit default swaps, a mechanism used by banks to lay off risk that has turned into a market measured in trillions of dollars.

杰里米·巴德曼是奥纬咨询的合伙人，专注于投资银行的战略性IT和运维实践。他突出说明了信用违约调期衍生的问题，信用违约调期本来是银行解除风险的一种工具，现在它变成了上万亿美元的一个市场。

According to the request of IRB system in NBCA, this paper analyzes the core factors of IRB system, combs and portrays the IRB process adding the step of risk precaution, describes several quantitative methods of risk precaution and compares them, then collets the methods of credit rating, does some deep researches in measurement of PD which are the core contents of IRB system, and does some empirical analysis using EDF model, finally gives the application of the IRB system and draws the chart of credit risk quantization in terms of portfolio theory, wishes to provide beneficial reference for the development and improvement of Chinese commercial banks'IRB system.

本文按照巴塞尔新资本协议中内部评级系统的要求，分析和解读了内部评级系统中的关键要素，梳理并描画了添加风险预警环节后的内部评级流程，分析了风险预警的各种定量方法并进行了比较，然后汇总了信用评级的方法，深入研究了违约概率的测度方法，用EDF模型作了些实证分析，最后归纳整理出了内部评级系统的应用，并描画了基于资产组合的信用风险量化流程图，以期为我国商业银行内部评级系统的发展和完善提供有益的参考。

Another important point: credit counselors only promise to get you out of debt, not to improve your credit.

另一个重要因素：信用辅导员只答应给你出得债务，而不是提高你的信用。

Commercial banks shall strengthen gathering, straightening out, analyzing and utilizing the information on clients' payment and settlement credit, follow up knowing about the facts on enterprises' issuing, accepting and encashing commercial acceptance bills, and initiatively submit the commercial acceptance bill acceptors' information on deferred payments and their information on the credit of others to the People's Bank of China.

商业银行要加强对客户支付结算信用信息的收集、整理和分析利用，跟踪了解企业签发、承兑和兑付商业承兑汇票的情况，主动向人民银行报送商业承兑汇票承兑人的不良支付信息和其他信用信息。

The governmental credit is exampled because the system of social credit is based on it.

政府信用是整个社会信用体系的基石和源泉，起著表率和示范作用。

This paper puts emphasis on discussing the issue of country risk assessment in the field of export credit insurance.

中文摘要：本文首先对出口信用保险进行简介，随后重点讨论了出口信用保险中的国家风险评价问题。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。