信用

Nowadays the study on credit in the academia mainly concentrates on personal credit and enterprise credit and there is lack of lucubration on government credit.

论文摘要目前学术界对信用问题的研究，主要集中在个人信用和企业信用问题上，对政府信用还缺乏深入系统的研究。

The party or any Credit Support Provider of such party consolidates or amalgamates with, or merges with or into, or transfers all or substantially all its assets to, or reorganises, reincorporates or reconstitutes into or as, another entity and, at the time of such consolidation, amalgamation, merger, transfer, reorganisation, reincorporation or reconstitution:― the resulting, surviving or transferee entity fails to assume all the obligations of such party or such Credit Support Provider under this Agreement or any Credit Support Document to which it or its predecessor was a party; or (2) the benefits of any Credit Support Document fail to extend (without the consent of the other party) to the performance by such resulting, surviving or transferee entity of its obligations under this Agreement.

一方或该方之任何信用支不承担债务之合并持提供者与另一实体结合，合并或并购，或将其所有或大部分之资产转移给另一实体，或重组，再设立或改组成为另一实体；而在该结合，，合并，并购，转让，重组，再设立或改组时：–(1)最终，续存或受让之实体未能承担该方或信用支持提供者或其前手在本协议下或任何信用支持文件下之所有义务；或(2)任何信用支持文件之利益(在未得到另一方同意前)未能延伸以涵盖该最终之，续存之或受让之实体以履行本协议下之义务。

It is safer , stabler and more reliable than common business credit .

信用证将银行信用特别是著名银行的信用融入了国际贸易中，与一般的商业信用相比，银行信用更加可靠，稳定和安全。

It has been rated as category A Customs enterprises, the Agricultural Bank of the city was rated AA-credit enterprises, farmers in AAA-rated letter of credit business, the county government as the county committee of advanced enterprise management, foreign exchange earned through exports advanced enterprises, tax The honorary title of advanced units. 2004 was the best enterprises in bank credit to the selection committee selected the "best business bank credit."

并先后被海关评为A类企业、被市农行评为AA级信用企业、被市农信评为AAA级信用企业、被县委县政府评为企业管理先进企业、出口创汇先进企业、纳税先进单位等荣誉称号。2004年被市银行信用最佳企业评选委员会选定为"银行信用最佳企业"。

With the help of information economics, game theory and institutional economics, viewing from history, culture, social credit, property right, information asymmetric and future prediction, this thesis analyzes the underlying reasons of the low SMB entrepreneur credit. It is to build entrepreneur credit evaluation and credit rating system , establish an information spreading system, perfect business property right regulation and protecting personal property, punish those who dare to deceive and dishonest with a heavy hand and improve SMB entrepreneurs' consciousness.

然后运用信息经济学、博弈论和制度经济学等理论，从历史、文化、社会信用大环境、产权、私有财产保护、信息不对称和未来预期等角度分析了中小企业家信用缺失的原因并提出了建立中小企业家征信与信用评价制度、建立完善的信启、传递机制、建立健全个人财产保护与申报制度、建立严格的失信惩戒制度以及加强对中小企业家信用意识的培养教育的治理方案和对策。

Establish perfect credit drive and castigatory mechanism, make and laws and regulations of perfect credit law, popularize credit education and normative government role and behavior, it is to solve social credence to break model the basic approach of the problem.

建立健全的信用激励与惩罚机制、制定和完善信用法律法规、普及信用教育以及规范政府角色和行为，是解决社会信用失范问题的基本途径。

This research used option-based structural model: Merton Model and the Implied Volatility Model which visualized an option on the firm's equity that expired before the debt mature was a compound option and was proposed by Hull, Nelken and White in 2004. Then compare the fitting and ranking ability in the model implied credit spread of the two structural model to the observed bond credit spread between corporate bond yield and bond yield in Taiwan's listed companies.

本研究运用选择权基础的信用风险模型：Merton(1974)模型与Hull， Nelken and White(2004)提出将个股选择权视为复合选择权的Implied Volatility模型，比较这两个结构式信用风险模型所计算出的隐含信用利差对台湾上市、柜公司之公司债殖利率与公债殖利率间实际的信用利差之配适能力与排序能力。

This paper breaks through the ancient research finitude of determining the nature to the credit lack by the establishing of mathematics model, and gives the ration models, thereby gives the analysis and explanation of ration. It makes certain that enterprise credit is important in the field of marketing, and inaugurates new way of innovation of customer value, at the same time, it also provides new thought of getting continuous competition advantages, that is enhancing credit construction of the enterprise.

本文通过数学模型的建立，突破了以往对企业信用缺失定性研究的界限，给出了量化的模型，从而对企业信用缺失给顾客价值所造成的损害做出了定量的分析和解释，明确了企业信用在市场营销领域的重要性，为顾客价值创新开辟了一条新的途径，同时也为企业获得持续竞争优势提供了新的思路，即不断加强企业信用建设。

By the research of history and current situation, I sum the achievements of our export credit insurance, analysis the problem and reason of export credit insurance, and point out the necessity of developing our country export credit insurance at last.

通过对我国出口信用保险的发展历程和现状进行分析，进而对我国出口信用保险取得的成就进行总结，同时也针对出口信用保险发展过程中存在的问题和相关原因进行分析，指出进一步发展我国出口信用保险的必要性。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。