信用

Consequently, this essay choose the "Z-Score Model", which was developed by Altaian, the famous American expert in risks management, to analyze and evaluate the listed companies' credit risks in China and to verify its efficiency to Chinese stocks market. The " Z-Score Model" is an innovation in the evaluation of companies' credit risk in the United States' banks, which is now being used widely. If the model is also applicable in Chinese stocks market, it will be significant in both theories and practices.

因此，本文选用作为美国商业银行信用评估方法的一次重要创新的，目前仍被美国商业银行广泛使用的，由美国著名信用风险管理专家Altman建立的"Z评分模型"(Z-Score Model)来对我国上市公司的信用风险状况进行实证研究，验证其在我国股票市场的有效性程度，如果能证明"Z评分模型"同样适用于我国证券市场，并将其改造为更适合我国上市公司的信用风险分析模型，将不仅具有很大的理论价值，而且也具有十分重要的现实意义。

Finally, based on the perspective of credit information flow in B2C e-commerce, this text design a the defensive mechanism of credit risk that centered on transmission mechanism of credit information, assisted by on-line credit service mechanism and guaranteed by credit supervision mechanism, and brings forward the assumption and measures about concordance of e-market's operations and institutions, pricing of on-line credit service, the supervision and amercement.

在此基础上，本文从信用信息在B2C电子商务交易中的流动过程角度考虑，设计出以信用信息传递机制为核心，在线信用服务机制为辅助，信用监管机制为保障的B2C电子商务信用风险防御机制，并提出电子市场业务与机构的整合、在线服务的定价、监管体系的力度、违信惩罚的传递等具体运行措施的建议和设想。

Risk control is always the first, which is reflected in the final months of our tickets for the assessment and selection, in addition to other credit rating agencies for information on the bond credit risk rating, Soochow Fund will be in accordance with their own independent development of the bond credit risk rating system To determine the ultimate goal of the bond credit rating.

风险控制始终是第一个，这是在为我们的评估和选择车票的最后几个月反映除了其他信用评级机构，就债券信用风险评级信息，东吴基金将根据自己的独立发展债券信用风险评级制度来确定债券信用评级的最终目标。

Foster the credit consciousness with market good principal part, establish perfect government credit legislation and break one's promise castigatory mechanism, the credence of aggrandizement enterprise interior manages, of service industry of stimulative credence intermediary commercializing development to wait is to make " credit Anhui " important way.

培养市场主体良好的信用意识，建立起完善的管理信用立法和失信惩罚机制，强化企业内部的信用管理，促进信用中介服务行业的市场化发展等都是打造"信用安徽"的重要途径。

Foster service of credit of behavior of mechanism of credit morality, perfect credence, normative credence, development, exert oneself solves government affairs job, production of the respect such as activity of current, intermediary, human relation break one's promise problem, hard compose establishs social government fair justice, manage current honor the agreement the sincere letter system that sincerity of carry out Nuo, human association needs, it is the urgent need of the figure outside promoting Jiangsu to be opposite.

培育信用道德、完善信用机制、规范信用行为、发展信用服务，着力解决政务工作、生产流通、中介活动、人际关系等方面的失信问题，努力构建社会管理公平公正、经营流通履约践诺、人际交往真诚相待的诚信体系，是提升江苏对外形象的迫切需要。

This paper discusses the relative problems of government credit from four respects: the meanings and propertied of government credit, the performances and harms of government credit s insufficiencies, the reasons for the insufficiencies of government credit, the ways to construct government credit.

该文主要从四个方面对政府信用的有关问题进行了初步探讨：政府信用的涵义与特征、我国政府信用不足的表现及危害、我国政府信用不足的原因、我国政府信用建设的途径。

Foster the credit consciousness with market good principal part, establish perfect government credit legislation and break one's promise castigatory mechanism, the credence of aggrandizement enterprise interior manages, of service industry of stimulative credence intermediary commercializing development to wait is to make " credit Anhui " important way.

培养市场主体良好的信用意识，建立起完善的管理信用立法和失信惩罚机制，强化企业内部的信用管理，促进信用中介服务行业的市场化发展等都是打造&信用安徽&的重要途径。

As for the credit elations in the real economic life, whatever virtual or concrete, the credit that the creditor prepares or has lent is highly sensitive to the potential debtor's untrustworthiness, fragile to the actual debtor's untrustworthiness, and lagging to restore rapidly when encountered untrustworthy behavior.

真实经济生活中信用关系无论是拟设的或者实有的，其债权主体准备或已经借出的信用具有对可能的债务主体反信用行为的高度教感性、易受事实的债务主体反信用行为损毁的脆弱性、一经遭受反信用行为损毁即很难迅速修复的阻滞性。

The author, in combination with the practice of his own participation in relevant construction of credit system for import and export companies carried out by General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China as well as Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau in the recent years, concluded the existing problems in the issue upon deliberate consideration: First, unclear social definition; Second, disunity of realization of the connotation of inspection and quarantine credit system for import and export companies; Third, misunderstanding of rating the comprehensive credit level of enterprises; Fourth, confusion between credit and good faith; Fifth, undistinguished definition between credit rating of enterprise inspection and quarantine and the category of enterprise classified management; Sixth, inappropriate selection of development mode.

笔者结合近一两年来亲身参与国家质检总局和福建检验检疫局的有关进出口企业信用体系建设的实践，经过认真思索，将该项工作目前存在的问题归结为：一是社会定位不清，二是对进出口企业检验检疫信用的内涵认识不统一，三是对评定企业综合信用等级的理解有误，四是信用与诚信不分，五是将企业检验检疫信用等级同企业分类管理类别相混淆，六是发展模式选择不当等六个问题。

It provides a reliable evidence for credit risk prewarning and internal control.

信用风险评价是针对银行信用风险现状进行评价的，是整个信用风险管理系统的基础，为后面的信用风险预警和内部控制提供了一个可靠的依据，并在对银行信用风险分析的基础上，建立了信用风险评价的指标体系。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。