信念

Based on the existing research on this topic, the dissertation combs and elucidates the whole theory of reliabilism, including the relevant theories, and it does not rest on the original definition of reliabilism, ie., a belief qualifies as knowledge only if it results from a cognizer's reliable process, mechanism, or capability.

在以往研究的基础上，论文对可靠主义作了全新的梳理和阐发，不再单纯停留于戈德曼最初提出的含义，即&某信念之成为知识，当且仅当这个信念产生于认知者可靠的认知过程或机制，或者是认知者可靠的认知能力的结果&。

This gives rise to several debatable questions:(1) When are the teachings of a "few" considered part of mainstream beliefs (2) When should false beliefs be considered part of a delusional disorder (e.g., shared psychotic disorder) rather than a cult system (3) Is there a minimum number of people who must share the beliefs for those beliefs to be considered cultish rather than delusional (4) May cult members in some cases be said to share a psychotic disorder

这就产生了一些有争议的问题：（1）当是教诲的&少数&考虑（2）当应被视为虚假信念的妄想症的一部分，而不是一个邪教主流信仰的一部分系统（3）是否有一定的人谁分享这些信仰的信念的最低数目，而不是被视为邪教妄想在某些情况下（4）5月邪教组织成员可以说是共享精神障碍

This gives rise to several debatable questions:(1) When are the teachings of a "few" considered part of mainstream beliefs (2) When should false beliefs be considered part of a delusional disorder (e.g., shared psychotic disorder) rather than a cult system (3) Is there a minimum number of people who must share the beliefs for those beliefs to be considered cultish rather than delusional (4) May cult members in some cases be said to share a psychotic disorder An argument could be made that the three sisters had formed their own cult.

这就产生了一些有争议的问题：（1）当是教诲的&少数&考虑（2）当应被视为虚假信念的妄想症的一部分，而不是一个邪教主流信仰的一部分系统（3）是否有一定的人谁分享这些信仰的信念的最低数目，而不是被视为邪教妄想在某些情况下（4）5月邪教组织成员可以说是共享精神障碍可以作出一种论调，这三个姐妹成立了自己的邪教。

This gives rise to several debatable questions:(1) When are the teachings of a "few" considered part of mainstream beliefs (2) When should false beliefs be considered part of a delusional disorder (e.g., shared psychotic disorder) rather than a cult system (3) Is there a minimum number of people who must share the beliefs for those beliefs to be considered cultish rather than delusional (4) May cult members in some cases be said to share a psychotic disorder An argument could be made that the three sisters had formed their own cult.

这就产生了一些有争议的问题：（1）当是教诲的&少数&考虑（2）当应被视为虚假信念的妄想症的一部分，而不是一个邪教主流信仰的一部分系统（3）是否有一定的人谁分享这些信仰的信念的最低数目，而不是被视为邪教妄想在某些情况下（4）5月邪教组织成员能说是共享精神障碍能作出一种论调，这三个姐妹成立了自己的邪教。

These two qualities, the daunting and the fascinating, combine in a strange harmony of contrasts, and the resultant dual character of the numinous consciousness, to which the entire religious development bears witness, at any rate from the level of the 'daemonic dread' onwards, is at once the strangest and most noteworthy phenomenon in the whole history of religion.

帕斯卡认为世界上有两种智慧：一是那种简单无知的大众，他们生活在传统与想象的智慧中，以似乎是盲目，毫无抵抗的方式彻底掘弃自己地相信一种信念，然后通过约定俗成的礼仪与传古的神话来巩固自己的信念；另一种是圣人与哲人，这是一种通过科学，理性与哲学的探讨来认识自己的无知。

The results showed that (1) the most and average painful intensity had significant improvement in Experimental group I,(2) the total measured scales of painful disturbance had significant improvement in Experimental group I,(3) the total measured scales of painful disturbance had significant improvement in Experimental group II,(4) the negative effect of pain belief had significant improvement in two Experimental group,(5) the depressively emotional disturbance had significant improvement in Experimental group II,(6) relaxation training had immediate effects on improving pain, anxiety and depression.

研究结果发现：(1)疼痛教育组之最重疼痛强度及平均疼痛强度有显著改善(2)疼痛教育组之疼痛干扰整体量表具有显著改善(3)疼痛教育放松训练组之疼痛干扰整体量表具有显著改善(4)疼痛教育组之疼痛及麻醉性止痛药信念有显著改善(5)疼痛教育加放松训练组之疼痛及麻醉性止痛药信念有显著改善(6)疼痛教育加放松训练组之忧郁情绪困扰有显著改善(7)疼痛教育放松训练组之放松训练对於改善疼痛、焦虑及忧郁之情绪状态有立即性效果。

And to do that is impossible; we can only argue for the uniqueness of a conceptual or doxastic framework on the basis of our own concepts and beliefs.

如果这无法做到这点，就不得不承认'概念框架或信念框架的唯一性是基于我们自己的概念或信念'。

According to the properties of dynamic doxastic logic and stable sets, we built a DDL system for revision on stable sets; model completeness has been proved there.

4根据动态信念逻辑和稳定集的特点，构造了一个关于稳定集修正的动态信念逻辑系统，其中模型完全性得到了证明。

The problems they should solve are about:the existence of basic persuasions,support for epigynous conceptions,self-corroboration,and independence from all other persuasions.

他们需要解决的，包括基础信念的存在、能够对上位概念提供支持，以及它们本身必须是自我确证的、独立于其他信念等问题。

And even if beliefs are not physically constituted, it is not clear how epiphenomenalism can accommodate a causal connection between consciousness and belief.

即使信念不是物理构成的，这也是不清楚的：副现象如何能够在意识和信念之间给出一个因果关联。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。