信念

The experiments showed that deception is a developing skill in the preschool years and includes three stages: the first is the behaviorism stage of deception,the second is the mentalistic stage of deception based on the first-order belief,and the third is the mentalistic stage of deception based on the second-order belief.3-year-old children are at the first stage,4-and 5-year-old children are at the second stage,and 6-year-old children begin to enter the third stage.

但那时的研究者都是站在行为问题或道德问题的角度对人类的欺骗行为进行研究。20世纪80年代，儿童心理知识发展的第三个研究浪潮———&心理理论&出现以后，发展学家们开始从心理理论的视角探讨儿童欺骗的发生发展，并从信念的层面对欺骗进行了科学的界定，认为欺骗就是指意图培养他人的错误信念，以使他人产生错误或进入这一误区的行为[1，2]。近几十年来西方研究者对儿童欺骗的研究主要集中于探讨儿童欺骗的发生发展特点[3]。

The power of conviction is that even in bad times, you can help hoist the sails forward; The great belief is that even if the misfortuned able to call you muster the courage to live.

信念的力量在于即使身处逆境，亦能帮助你扬起前进的风帆；信念的伟大在于即使遭遇不幸，亦能召唤你鼓起生活的勇气。

Based on appropriate assumptions, this thesis established an asset pricing model on the condition of endogenous posterior heterogeneous, and then I analyzed the relationship between heterogeneous beliefs and signal, short-sale constraints and asset misvaluation, and finally, carried out an empirical testing of the model's deduction based on appropriate samples from China stock market.

通过适当的假设，建立了内生后验异质信念的资产定价模型，然后对异质信念与信号强度的关系、卖空限制和资产误定价程度的关系等进行了分析，最后，选取我国股票市场的适当样本，对模型的推论进行实证检验。

Previous studies have identified that understanding other's mind engages a neural circuit consisting of the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, temporal pole, and precuneus/posterior cingulated cortex. However, due to the limitation of experimental paradigms and neuroimaging data analysis approach, the exact neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie the understanding of others' belief remain unclear.

尽管前人的研究已发现内侧前额叶、颞顶联合皮层、后扣带回/楔前叶以及颞上沟等脑区参与他人信念理解，但是，由于实验范式本身和脑成像数据分析方法的局限性，过去的研究工作没有提出准确的认知神经机制来解释相关脑区组成的神经网络如何协同工作、完成视角转换以保证正确理解他人的信念。

The fMRI studies showed that,(1) when information obtained from self-perspective covered the information obtained from other-perspective, compared to a deductive reasoning task, the mental inference task induced increased neural activity in precuneus, decreased neural activity in ventral MPFC and enhanced functional connectivity between these two brain areas;(2) this neural activity pattern was observed in understanding human's belief, but not in understanding artificial intelligence;(3) when information obtained from other-perspective covered the information obtained from self-perspective, the mental inference task induced additional increased neural activity in dorsal MPFC and the right frontal cortex, as well as enhanced functional connectivity between these two cortical areas in addition.

EEG实验发现，额叶alpha频段神经活动在信念理解任务的早期（400-800 ms）表现为去同步化，顶叶alpha频段神经活动在信念理解任务的较晚时程（600-1000 ms）则表现为同步化。

As a result, the indifference towards the past is being replaced by a violent thirst for historical knowledge, as financiers reacquaint themselves with the unpalatable truth that almost every bubble is accompanied by a belief that innovation has changed the rules – a belief that typically proves to be false.

结果，对过去的漠视被对历史知识的强烈渴求所取代，金融家们又要重新接受这样一个残酷的现实：几乎每次泡沫都伴有一种信念，认为创新改变了规则，而这种信念一般都会被证明是错的。

One of the tenets in the gospel of American pop culture is the widely held creed of transferability of mind.

在美国大众文化对真理的信念之外，是被广泛认可的思想可转移性的信念。

The essence of liberty has always lain in the ability to choose as you wish to choose,because you wish so to choose,uncoerced,unbullied,not swallowed up in some vast system;and in the right to resist,to be unpopular,to stand up for your convictions merely because they are your convictions.

译文是：自由的本质一直在于根据你选择的意愿去选择的能力，因为你愿意像这样进行选择，不受强制，不受胁迫，没有被一个庞大的制度所吞噬；为了你的信念而正确地抵制、不怕得罪人、挺身而出，做这一切只因为它们是你的信念。

The essence of liberty has always lain in the ability to choose as you wish to choose, because you wish so to choose, uncoerced, unbullied, not swallowed up in some vast system; and in the right to resist, to be unpopular, to stand up for your convictions merely because they are your convictions.

译文是：自由的本质一直在于根据你选择的意愿去选择的能力，因为你愿意像如许进行选择，不受强制，不受勒迫，没有被一个庞大的制度所吞噬；为了你的信念而正确地抵制、不惮患上罪人、挺身而出，做这一切只因为它们是你的信念。

It comes from the history and tradition of the school, and agglomerates into spiritual kernel.

学校文化源于学校的历史与传统，凝聚为学校的精神内核，是学校全体成员所持有的共同信念，这些信念支配着他们的行为方式。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。