保险

Our homestate operation, led by Rod Eldred; our workers' compensation business, headed by Brad Kinstler; our credit card operation, managed by the Kizer family; National Indemnity's traditional auto and general liability business, led by Don Wurster - all of these generated significant underwriting profits accompanied by substantial float. We can conclude this section as we did last year: All in all, we have a first-class insurance business.

伯克希尔其它保险事业 1994 年的营运表现皆相当杰出，由 Rod 领导的住宅保险， Brad 带领的员工退休保险以及由 Kizer 家族经营的信用卡保险业务，以及由 Don 所领导的国家产险所从事的传统汽车保险与一般责任险方面，总的来说，这四类业务都表现的相当不错，不但有承保获利，还贡献了相当大金额的保险浮存金。

Berkshire's other insurance operations had excellent results in 1994. Our homestate operation, led by Rod Eldred; our workers' compensation business, headed by Brad Kinstler; our credit card operation, managed by the Kizer family; National Indemnity's traditional auto and general liability business, led by Don Wurster - all of these generated significant underwriting profits accompanied by substantial float.

Berkshire其它保险事业1994年的营运表现皆相当杰出，由Rod领导的住宅保险、Brad带领的员工退休保险以及由Kizer家族经营的信用卡保险业务，以及由Don所领导的国家产险所从事的传统汽车保险与一般责任险方面，总的来说，这四类业务都表现的相当不错，不但有承保获利，还贡献了相当大金额的保险浮存金。。

Facing this situation, according to the hortation and assit system for planned parenthood being taking into effect in the rural area of our country, this thesis analyzes the deficiency of the present rural social pension system and discusses countermeasures and approaches about how to combine these two systems and improve the rural social pension system based on the analysis of necessity and feasibility of transition from"selective"hortation and assit system to"prevalent"rural social pension system. This thesis can be separated into five parts.

针对这种现状，本文从分析我国农村社会养老保险制度存在的问题与不足入手，结合当前我国在农村推行的农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助养老制度，从理论和现实的角度分析将奖励扶助养老制度与农村社会养老保险制度相结合建立农村计划生育家庭养老保险制度，以及将这种&选择性&的社会养老保险制度向&普惠性&的农村社会养老保险制度过渡的必要性和可行性，在此基础上进一步探讨了如何将两种制度有效结合，以及改进和完善我国农村社会养老保险制度的对策和途径。

This thesis is composed of four sections. Section 1 gives an overview of theories about elderly security. It involves the demand of the aged, the concept, content, influential factors of family elderly support, the concept, content, type, model and economic effect of public pension, theories searched from the study of Chinese elderly security. Section 2 introduces the history of family elderly support, analyses the reasons of the existence of it, expatiates on the factors that weaken the function of it, such as modernization of agriculture, population aging, family miniaturization, urbanization etc. section 3 introduces the history of the social old-age insurance in Chinese rural areas, analyses its impendency from the aspects of social stabilization, the rights and interests of the peasants, rural employment. Section 4 is the most important part of the thesis. It first refers to foreign practical experiences on rural elderly security, then demonstrates the elderly support at home which combines family elderly support and social elderly support, especially analyses the public pension.

全文共分四部分：第一部分是养老保障概论，介绍了老年人的养老需求，家庭养老的概念、内容及影响因素，社会养老保险的概念、内容、类型、模式及经济效应，中国农村养老保障研究的相关理论；第二部分是中国农村家庭养老分析，介绍了家庭养老的历史，分析了其长期存在的依据，并进一步阐述了农业现代化、人口老龄化、家庭小型化和城市化等对中国农村家庭养老的冲击，弱化了家庭养老的功能；第三部分是中国农村社会养老保险分析，介绍了中国农村社会养老保险的发展历史，从社会稳定、农民权益和农村就业等方面分析了建立社会养老保险的迫切性；第四部分是建立中国农村社会养老保险制度的政策建议，是文章的重点，在借鉴国外农村养老实践经验的基础上，阐述了适合我国农村现实的家庭养老和社会养老相结合的居家养老，并对其中的社会养老保险进行了比较细致的分析。

The author studied foreign sports insurance system modes and their inspi-ration to China, and revealed the following findings: different countries have different sports insurance system modes: 1 sports insurance system mode governed and participated by the government; 2 civil sports insurance system mode supported by the government; 3 commercial sports insurance system mode sponsored by the govern-ment; 4 sports insurance system mode selectively supported by the government; 5 sports insurance system mode monopolistically run by the government.

对国外体育保险制度模式及其对我国的启示进行了研究。研究表明，各个国家有不同的体育保险制度模式：(1)政府主导参与型体育保险制度模式；(2)政府支持下的民间体育保险制度模式；(3)政府资助的商业性体育保险制度模式；(4)政府重点选择性扶持型体育制度模式；(5)政府垄断经营体育保险制度模式。

By this way, it can be seen that the risks of natural disaster and accident can be transferred by construction insurance and that man-caused risks by construction bond. Furthermore, this paper studies the legal problems in the implementation of construction insurance and bond system and the correspondent laws that need to be improved. With reference to construction insurance, it is compulsive to carry out Contractor"s All Risks, Erection All Risks, Employer"s Liability Insurance, Supervisory Engineer/Designer Professional Liability Insurance and Maintenance Insurance. As for construction bond, it is suitable to take the method of surety bond and implement obligatorily Bid Bond, Performance Bond, Employer Payment Bond and Contractor Payment Bond. In addition, this paper analyses the problems in the implementation of construction insurance and bond system in China and presents corresponding solutions. In the end, it provides a method by option price theory to estimate the costs of construction bond.

本文首先借鉴国外工程保险和担保制度，通过工程保险可以有效的转移自然灾害和意外事故风险，通过工程担保转移各种人为风险；其次研究了在我国实行工程保险和担保制度存在的法律问题和需完善的相关法律，提出在工程保险方面，应强制实行建筑工程一切险、安装工程一切险、质量保修保险、设计/监理责任险，在工程担保方面，宜采取保证担保的方式，强制实行投标保证担保、履约保证担保、业主履约保证担保和付款保证担保，分析了在我国实行工程保险和担保制度存在的问题，提出相应对策；最后运用期权价格理论给出了确定工程担保费用的一种方法。

In the course of the development of insurance, on the one hand, the nature of the insurance continuously streng then and expand; on the other hand, forms of insurance has been innovating. Through the reunification of the inheritance of the insurance nature and innovation of insurance forms, the insurance has been developing.

在保险发展的过程中，一方面是保险本质的不断增强和扩大，另一方面是保险形式的不断创新，通过保险本质的继承和保险形式的创新的统一，实现了保险的发展。

Then in the pooling contract, if the proportion of Dares is large enough, the loss is overcompensated, if the proportion of Dares is small, loss is undercompensated.

在混同保险合同中，当保险市场上不诚信的投保人比例足够大的时候，保险公司应该向投保人提供过度保险，当不诚信投保人的比例比较小时，保险公司应该向投保人提供部分保险。

Any claimant under this insurance policy shall at the request and at the expense of the Insurance Company do and concur in doing and permit to be done all such acts and things as may be necessary or reasonably required by the Insurance Company for the purpose of enforcing any rights and remedies or of obtaining relief or indemnity from other parties to which the Insurance Company shall or would be entitled or subrogated to upon its paying for or making good any destruction or damage under the respective Section, whether such acts and things shall be or become necessary or required before or after his indemnification by the Insurance Company.

应保险公司的要求并由保险公司支付费用，本保险单项下的任何索赔人应完成、同意完成并允许完成为了实施任何权利或救济或者为了从其他第三方获得免责或赔偿（保险公司按各节规定，因就任何灭失或损害予以支付或者修复而应享有或有权享有该等免责或赔偿或取得该等免责或赔偿的代位求偿权）而可能必要的或者为保险公司合理要求的一切行为或事务，无论该等行为或事务在保险公司对其予以偿付之前或之后属必要或成为必要或者是必须的。

The domestic experts' studies are limited to the qualitative analysis,such as the choice of flood insurance patterns,the establishment of flood insurance systems and so on.But the quantitative analysis,such as the pricing and loss assessment of flood insurance,are very rare.There is no unanimously recognized flood insurance loss assessment model so far.

目前国内专家学者对洪水保险的研究仅局限于洪水保险模式的选择、洪水保险体系的建立、洪水保险制度的建设等定性分析上，而对于洪水保险的定价、损失评估等定量分析则非常少见，还没有一致认可的洪水保险损失评估模型。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。