保险

Finally, for ensuring performance of insurance and endowment insurance, this paper compares partial accumulation with pay-as-you-go and funds system, constructs an actuarial model of partial accumulation system, discusses actuarial estimate of shout costs and debts, long costs and debts about endowment insurance, then this paper further considers how to preserve and increase pension funds value and put forwards investment strategies based on the portfolio insurance technique to insure the performance for the going endowment policy.

最后，为保证保险和养老保险的发展绩效，比较了目前实行的部分积累的养老保险制度同现收现付、基金制对经济的影响，构建了部分积累的养老保险制度下的精算模型，讨论了养老保险短期与长期的成本与债务的精算估计，在此基础上进一步思考了现行养老保险制度绩效的保证——积累形成的养老保险基金实现保值增值的问题，提出了运用组合保险技术的投资策略。

It emphasizes some ordinances with more disputes but faultiness or losing in legislation, and make relevant suggestion: that the insurer exercising the right of subrogation should justify paying the insurance compensation; the insurance compensation of inadequate insurance should be distributed by proportion ,according to the proportion of insurance subject matter assumed by the insurer and the insured; the definite items of the staple of the insured"s synergic obligation , the cost of exercising the synergic obligation should be stipulated by the law; and if the insured doesn"t exercise synergic obligation, he or she should liable for relevant legal responsibility etc.

本文以我国保险代位权的立法现状为出发点，以民商法基本理论为立足点，结合海内外的最新研究成果，将理论研究与实践相结合，运用历史分析、比较分析与实证分析的研究方法，从法学、社会学角度进行分析研究，并取得了以下研究成果：论文构筑了一个对保险代位权研究的综合分析框架；指出保险立法不完善及某些方面冲突等原因，导致保险代位权在实践中未充分发挥作用；提出保险代位权的本质是法律给予保险人减少风险损失的手段，是对社会资源加以公平配置的方式；损害赔偿金在保险人和被保险人之间的分配原则：按照他们各自对保险标的承担的风险比例进行分配；指出在人身保险中不适用代位权以及保险人有权对公法人行使代位权等观点。

Under the context of national owned land ownership and marketable land-use right in China, it is more complicated to measure the insurance value of real property. In insurance business practice, the building insurance clause in mortgage insurance usually applies the real estate value to amount insured, wheras raplacement approach is applied to the indemnity, which causes overinsurance—the amount insured is greater than insurance value.

在保险实践中，住房抵押贷款保险的房屋保险条款通常以不动产价值作为保险金额，而在保险补偿时适用重置价值标准，导致保险金额总是大于保险价值的超额保险情况，超出的金额就是土地的价值或者土地价值的一个比例，这对被保险人是不利的。

In the event that a claim for a constructive total loss of the Vessel is paid on the war risks insurance of the Vessel under Clause 3 of the Institute War and Strikes Clauses-Hulls-Time 1/11/95 or the Institute War and Strikes Clause-Hulls-Voyage 1/11/95 as a result of the loss of the free use and disposal of the Vessel for a continuous period of 12 months due to capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, detainment, confiscation or expropriation whilst this insurance is in force, the amount insured hereunder shall be paid in full less any claims otherwise arising during the said period of 12 months which nave been paid or are recoverable hereunder or under insurance subject to the Institute Time Clauses –Freight 1/11/95 and/or the Institute Voyage Clauses-Freight 1/11/95 and any recoveries made in respect of the said period.

如果船舶推定全损的索赔已根据1995年11月1日协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款或1995年11月1日协会船舶航次战争和罢工险条款第3条船舶战争险保险理赔，由于在保险生效期间船舶被捕获、扣押、扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征用，被保险人因此已丧失对保险船舶的自由使用和处分连续12个月，应全额赔付保险金额，但应扣减在该12个月期间已经赔付的任何索赔款，或根据本保险可获补偿的金额或根据受1995年11月1日协会运费定期保险条款及/或1995年11月1日协会运费航次保险条款制约的保险及有关该期间获得的任何补偿。

In the event that a claim for a constructive total loss of the Vessel is paid on the war risks insurance of the Vessel under Clause 3 of the Institute War and Strikes Clauses-Hulls-Time 1/11/95 or the Institute War and Strikes Clause-Hulls-Voyage 1/11/95 as a result of the loss of the free use and disposal of the Vessel for a continuous period of 12 months due to capture, seizure, arrest, restraint, detainment, confiscation or expropriation whilst this insurance is in force, the amount insured hereunder shall be paid in full less any claims otherwise arising during the said period of 12 months which nave been paid or are recoverable hereunder or under insurance subject to the Institute Time Clauses –Freight 1/11/95 and/or the Institute Voyage Clauses-Freight 1/11/95 and any recoveries made in respect of the said period.

如果船舶推定全损的索赔已根据1995年11月1日协会船舶定期战争和罢工险条款或1995年11月1日协会船舶航次战争和罢工险条款第3条船舶战争险保险理赔，由于在保险生效期间船舶被捕获、扣押、扣留、管制、拘押、没收或征用，被保险人因此已丧失对保险船舶的自由使用和处分连续12个月，应全额赔付保险金额，但应扣减在该12个月期间已经赔付的任何索赔款，或根据本保险可获补偿的金额或根据受1995年11月1日协会运费定期保险条款及/或1995年11月1日协会运费航次保险条款制约的保险及有关该期间获得的任何补偿。上面法规内容为部分内容，如果要查看全文请点击此处：查看全文

The resource allocation of national insurance industry nowadays mainly has twoproblems: first, the progress of policy insurance and commercial insurance isunbalanced, which cumbers the development of agriculture, foreign trade and realestate industry to some extent;second, the resource inside the commercial insuranceis not allocated with reason, and some is wasted, which is embodied in the aspects ofinsurance supply, insurance agency, insurance demand and insurance product.

就现阶段来看，我国保险业的资源配置存在两方面的主要问题：首先，政策性保险与商业保险发展失衡，在一定程度上影响了我国农业、对外贸易和房地产业的发展；其次，商业保险资源配置在商业保险内部也存在着资源配置不合理、资源未得到充分利用以及资源浪费的现象，在保险供给、保险中介、保险需求和保险产品方面都有体现。

Delimitating the conception of health , disease risk and medical insurance etc ., inducing the basic characteristic and the main function of the medical insurance ; recalling the history proceeding in the medical insurance law system in the world and establishment , development and reformation of our country ' s medical insurance law system ; analyzing the shortcomings of our traditional medical insurance law system and comparing it with the current law system from the aspects such as insurance efficiency , relation of right and duty , security level , covering scope and management methods etc .

界定了健康、疾病风险与医疗保险等概念，归纳了医疗保险的基本特征与主要作用；回溯了世界医疗保险法律制度的历史沿革和我国医疗保险法律制度的建立、发展与改革，剖析了我国传统医疗保险法律制度存在的弊端，并将之与我国现行医疗保险法律制度进行了比较分析，客观地指出了现行医疗保险法律制度与传统制度相比所取得的进步以及需要进一步完善的问题；探讨了当前完善我国医疗保险法律制度的相关政策建议。

Insurance fraud can be specified such conduct as misstating the insurance object,making up the Insurance reasons,exaggerating the Insurance loss or even wiffully creating Insurance accident in default of Insurance contract and the management of insurer .

投保人、被保险人、受益人或者保险公司的工作人员利用保险合同与保险公司管理上的缺陷，通过虚拟保险标的、谎报保险事故、编造保险原因、夸大损失程度、故意制造保险事故等获得保险金，是保险欺诈的主要表现形式

The insurable interest is regarded as the basic concept in the contract law of theinsurance, it not only relate to the effect of the insurance contract, also is decideinsurance object, insurance value, repeated insurance, excess insurance and thebasic important item that the insurance contract's interest transfers.

保险利益作为保险合同中的基础性概念，其不仅关系着保险合同的效力问题，也是决定保险标的、保险价值、重复保险、超额保险及保险合同利益转移的根本要件。

Warranted that no insurance on any interests enumerated in the foregoing 2211 to 2217 in excess of the amounts permitted therein and no other insurance which includes total loss of the Vessel PPI, FIA, or subject to any other like term, is or shall be effected to operate during the currency of this insurance by or for account of the Assured, Owners, Managers or Mortgagees Provided always that a breach of this warranty shall not afford the Underwriters any defence to a claim by a Mortgagee who has accepted this insurance without knowledge of such breach

保证上述第2211项至2217项所列任何利益的保险不超过所允许的保险金额，并不得有由被保险人、船东、管理人或抵押权人或以其名义在本保险期内安排原或将安排的包括保险船舶的PPI， FIA，或受任何其他类似条款制约的全损保险在内的其他保险。保险人不得以违反本保险为由，抗辩在接受本保险时不知道此项违反的抵押权人提出的索赔。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。