保险

This article analyzes the profit model of insurance companies in detail and validates the relevance between the prescripts which have been constituted by the China Insurance Regulatory Commission in the operation of insurance funds and the investment income of insurance companies through financial statements of the three companies, China Life, Ping An of China and China Pacific, which have been coming into A-stock market. It analyzes the relationship between the insurance company asset allocation and the funds income and risk of insurance companies by simulating the different insurance companies' earnings on different asset allocation and different equity investment yield, so as to arrive at the objective how to configure which prescripts to funds operation of insurance companies is reasonable, demonstrates the rationalities of insurance funds operation prescripts which have been constituted by the China Insurance Regulatory Commission, and considers the equity investment of insurance companies can be properly enhanced to thirty percent of total assets because China's economy will develop stably, chronically and at high-speed .

文中通过借助目前A股上市的中国人寿、中国平安和中国太保三家保险公司的报表详细地分析了保险公司的盈利模式，验证了保监会关于保险资金运用的管理规定与保险公司的投资收益率存在的相关性，并通过模拟在不同资产配置及不同股权投资收益率下保险公司最后的收益情况，用数据分析了保险公司资产配置与保险公司的资金收益和风险的关系，从而得出保险公司的资金运用怎样规定才是合理的，也论证了保监会对保险资金运用的管理规定的合理性，并认为在我国经济仍将长期稳定高速发展的情况下，可适当将保险公司的股权投资比例提高到总资产的30%。

In the contract system, the author discusses the concept, the characteristics, the subject, the object and the content of the contract system of liability insurance of environmental tort, and researches some important problems, such as the compensate scope, the liability limit and theinsurance cost, and so on. In the compensate system, the author study the insurance liability , The compensate liability and its bearing, the counterclaim and settlement of claims and the disposal of dissention of liability insurance of environmental tort. In the reinsurance system, the author mainly focuses on the concept and function, the reinsurance organization and the reinsurance contract of reinsurance system of environmental tort liability.

合同制度中，笔者论述了环境侵权责任保险合同的概念、特征，环境侵权责任保险合同的主体、客体和内容，并对环境侵权责任保险合同中的赔偿范围、责任限额、费率等重要问题进行了探讨；赔付制度中，研究了环境侵权责任保险的保险责任，环境侵权责任保险的赔付责任及其承担，环境侵权责任保险的索赔及理赔，环境侵权责任保险纠纷的处理；再保险法律制度中研究了环境侵权责任保险再保险的概念和功能，环境侵权责任保险再保险组织，环境侵权责任保险再保险合同。

In this study, the employee's willingness-to-participate in and willingness-to-pay for hypothetical supplementary health insurance packages designed by the research team was measured through contingent valuation method in Shanghai and Wenzhou. In Chengdu, the employee's actual rate of participation in supplementary health insurance was obtained through household survey. Logistic model was employed to establish the demand function and analyze the influencing factors. The organization and operation models for supplementary health insurance in different cities were summarized and comparatively analyzed. Based on the above results, proper coverage of health care and operation model for supplementary health insurance was discussed. Policy recommendation include the clear definition of the government's responsibility in the development of supplementary health insurance, the implementation of tax subsidy policy, the rule of the purchase of supplmentary health plans with personal saving accounts, and education and propagandism measures. At last, the regulation of supplementary health insurance is emphasized.

本研究根据上海和温州两地基本医疗保险框架分别设计了几个补充医疗保险方案，采用条件价值评估法调查了职工对这些补充医疗保险方案的意愿参加与意愿支付；在成都通过家庭入户调查获得了职工实际参加补充医疗保险情况，运用logistic模型建立了需求模型，进行了需求的影响因素分析；对国内补充医疗保险不同运作模式进行了总结与比较分析，探讨了补充医疗保险适宜的覆盖范围及其组织运作模式，并提出要明确界定政府在补充医疗保险发展中的职能定位，运用税收减免政策、允许用个人帐户购买补充医疗保险和宣传教育措施来扶持与引导补充医疗保险的发展以及加强补充医疗保险监管等政策建议。

Where two or more policies are effected by or on behalf of the assured on the same adventure and interest or any part thereof, and the sums insured exceed the indemnity allowed by this Act, the assured is said to be over-insured by double insurance (2) Where the assured is over-insured by double insurance The assured, unless the policy otherwise provides, may claim payment from the insurers in such order as he may think fit, provided that he is not entitled to receive any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act; Where the policy under which the assured claims is a valued policy, the assured must give credit as against the valuation for any sum received by him under any other policy without regard to the actual value of the subject-matter insured; Where the policy under which the assured claims is an unvalued policy he must give credit, as against the full insurable value, for any sum received by him under any other policy; Where the assured receives any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act, he is deemed to hold such sum in trust for the insurers according to their right of contribution among themselves.

当被保险人或其代表，(1)就同一冒险和利益或其中的一部分订立了两份以上的保险单，且保险金额超过本法所允许的赔偿限额时，被保险人即被视为因重复保险而超额保险。(2)在被保险人因重复保险而超额保险之场合：除非保险单另有规定，被保险人可根据自已认为合适的顺序，依次向其保险人索赔，但他所得金额不得超过本法允许的赔偿限额；如果被保险人凭以索赔的保险单是一份定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的任何数额从约定保险价值中扣除，无需考虑保险标的的实际价值；如果被保险人据以索赔的保险单是一份不定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的数额从全部保险价值中扣除；若被保险人得到的金额超过本法所允许的赔偿额，则此种超出金额即被视为由被保险人代各保险人托管，由保险人按他们之间的分摊权利摊回。

Where two or more policies are effected by or on behalf o f the assured on the same adventure and interest or any part thereof, and the sums insured exceed the indemnity allowed by this Act, the assured is said to be over-ins ured by double insurance (2)Where the assured is over-insured by double insurance The assured, unless the policy otherwise provides, may claim payment from the insurers in such order as he may think fit, provided that he is n ot entitled to receive any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act;Where the policy under which the assured claims is a valued policy, the assured must give credit as against the valuation for any sum rec eived by him under any other policy without regard to the actual value of the subject-ma tter insured;Where the policy under which the assured claims is an unvalu ed policy he must give credit, as against the full insurable value, for any sum rec eived by him under any other policy; Where the assured receives any sum in excess of the indemnit y allowed by this Act, he is deemed to hold such sum in trust for the insurers acco rding to their right of contribution among themselves.

1当被保险人或其代表，就同一冒险和利益或其中的一部分订立了两 32。份以上的保险单，且保险金额超过本法所允许的赔偿限额时，被保险人即被视为因重复保险而超额保险。(2)在被保险人因重复保险而超额保险之场合：除非保险单另有规定，被保险人可根据自己认为合适的顺序，依次向其保险人索赔，但他所得金额不得超过本法允许的赔偿限额；如果被保险人凭以索赔的保险单是一份定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的任何数额从约定保险价值中扣除，无需考虑保险标的的实际价值；如果被保险人据以索赔的保险单是一份不定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的数额从全部保险价值中扣除；若被保险人得到的金额超过本法所允许的赔偿额，则此种超出金额即被视为由被保险人代各保险人托管，由保险人按他们之间的分摊权利摊回。

The internal factors of the existence of insurance fraud is that the insuranced can repay expensively on less investment.Insurance fraud can be specified such conduct as misstating the insurance object,making up the Insurance reasons,exaggerating the Insurance loss or even wiffully creating Insurance accident in default of Insurance contract and the management of insurer .

投保人可以以较少的&投入&获得奇高的回报，是保险欺诈产生的内在基础；投保人、被保险人、受益人或者保险公司的工作人员利用保险合同与保险公司管理上的缺陷，通过虚拟保险标的、谎报保险事故、编造保险原因、夸大损失程度、故意制造保险事故等获得保险金，是保险欺诈的主要表现形式；对保险欺诈行为的宽恕与怂恿以及司法机关对保险欺诈行为打击不力，也是保险欺诈广泛存在、屡禁不止的社会原因。

Based on China's current condition of earthquake insurance and...

本文立足于中国地震保险现状，对国外有代表性的地震保险制度进行了比较性研究，指出了我国地震保险存在的问题，分析了建立我国地震保险制度的可行性，提出了建立我国地震保险制度的设想，即我国实行政策性保险和商业性保险相结合的方式；建立地震保险专项基金；设立独立的地震保险险种；地震保险采取强制保险的形式；做好地震保险区划；费率实行低保费、宽保面的费率政策，实行差别费率；建立有效的风险分散机制；建立有限责任地震保险赔偿制度。

This paper points the problems exist in various kinds of insurable interests and their relations through cases.Through the study this paper conclude that the insurable interest is the key system of the property insurance and insurance law. Our country did not take care of this theory and practice in the past, but now, we should pay close attention to this system, because it related to insurance contract of property effect, overlap insurance, excess insurance, damage and indemnity. So we should add insurable interest clause in the insurance contract. It will be easy to confirm who should be indemnified and how about the harm.

本文基于研究认为，财产保险利益是保险制度和保险法中的核心制度，过去我们国家在理论和实践中不注意该问题，但在保险法完善的过程中，应高度重视该制度，因为他涉及财产保险合同的效力、重复保险、超额保险、保险损害和保险补偿，所以应当在保险合同中增加保险利益条款，从而便于确定受补偿人、保险损害、保险事故、重复保险和补偿范围。

Section 3 is the difficult and key part of the whole paper, focus on discussing how to improve our country"s unemployment insurance system .specific countermeasures to improve the system are presented as follows: constituting unemployment insurance law establishing and amplifying safe -guard system of the law; establishing that judies is the first in the level of value; definite unemployment and the qualification of gaining unemployment insurance, reasonably enlarging the scopes of insurance; intensifying and promoting the function of reemployment to realize the combination of unemployment insurance and reemployment promotion; enforcing raising insurance fund and fully exerting the fund"s use benefit ;improving its systems of management and supervision to realize scientific management, keeping the fund safety and development..

本文认为我国的失业保险制度应在根据我国国情的基础上，在以下几个方面完善失业保险法律制度：制定《失业保险法》，提高失业保险制度的法律效力，并辅之以其他相关法律法规相配套，建立起一个层次分明相互协调的综合性失业保险法律体系；确立以公平为优先的立法价值取向，在法律的层次上明确失业保险制度作为超越经济领域的公共产品应当以社会公平为其立法的价值取向；正确界定失业的定义及失业保险资格条件，在符合中国国情的情况下，合理扩大失业保险的覆盖面；确立以保障劳动者的基本生活和促进再就业为失业保险法律制度的立法宗旨，加强失业保险的再就业促进功能，变消极支付失业保险金作法为积极地促进再就业，认识到&就业是最好的保障&；完善失业保险费征缴制度，按不同行业、企业的失业风险概率不同，实行差别缴费率，加强失业保险费征缴的法律力度，提高劳动者和用人单位的缴费积极性；完善失业保险待遇给付制度，从确保失业者的基本生活需要和促进其再就业的角度出发，完善给付水平和给付期限的规定；规范和完善失业保险的管理和监督制度，实现管理科学化，保证并实现保险墓金的保值、增值。结语部分，对全文进行总结。

The author, basing on the basic theories of insurable interest, studies some important theoretic questions of marine insurable interest, including what may amount to a marine insurable interest and when and to whom it should be required and how it should be recognized, transferred, terminated and classified; inquires into the insurable interest of several representative types of marine insurance contracts, including contract of marine insurance for Hulls, for the Carriage of Goods by Sea, for Freights, for Interests of Ships Mortgagees and for Liability; oppugns the provisions in insurance laws of our country on subject matter insured, double insurance and insurable interest.

为此，笔者以保险利益的基本理论为基础，对何种利益可以作为海上保险利益，具有海上保险利益的人和时间及海上保险利益应如何认定、移转、消灭和分类等一些重要理论问题进行了研究；对几种典型海上保险合同，包括船舶保险合同、海上货物运输保险合同、运费保险合同、船舶抵押权人利益保险合同及责任保险合同中的保险利益问题进行了探讨；并对我国保险立法中关于保险标的、重复保险及保险利益的规定提出了质疑。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。