保温的

Our country firstly put forward such design principle of Qinghai-Tibet railway engineering as "lower temperature actively, reduce the heat into the subsoil, and assure the heat stability of frozen earth for the quality stability of construction", creatively adopt such corresponding measures of frozen earth construction problem as: for the poor frozen earth developing section, line should avoid as possible;for the geology of ice at high temperature and unstable frozen earth zone, the method of bridge instead of subgrade shall be adopted;in subgradeconstruction, such facilities as heat stick, rubble ventilation subgrade , rubble ventilation berm, ventilation pipe subgrade and laying heat preservation board etc shall be adopted to raise the stability of frozen earth subgrade;during the excavation of bridge, culvert , foundation pit and scouring prevention trough, creatively adopt single-tooth knapper and solve the problem of frozen earth excavation;during the construction of bridge and culvert, durable concrete and three-step maintenance method are adopted to assure the outside and inside beauty of structure.

我国在世界上首次提出"主动降温、减少传入地基土的热量、保证多年冻土的热稳定性，从而保证修筑在上面的工程质量的稳定性"的青藏铁路工程设计原则，创造性地采取了解决冻土施工难题的相应对策：对于不良冻土现象发育地段、线路尽量绕避；对于高温极不稳定冻土区的高含冰量地质，采取"以桥代路"的办法；在路基施工中采用了热棒、片石通风路基、片石通风护道、通风管路基、铺设保温板等多项设施，提高冻土路基的稳定性；在桥涵基坑、挡水埝基槽开挖中，创造性地应用了单齿破碎器，解决了冻土开挖难题；在桥涵工程施工中，采用了耐久性混凝土，采用了三步养生法，保证了结构物内实外美。

It is shown that Mn and Ti had refined the microstructure,and formed to precipitation affluent of Mn or Ti ,which approved the performance of the Shape Memory Alloy.For a certain strain,the shape memory effect vayied functionly together with the aging time:alloy performance the best coorperative status that the martensite lathing was close and ordered,the precipitation rich of Mn and Ti dispersed orderly in the microstructure and little or even no eutectoid phase had precipited in the alloy ,in a special aging temperature and time. With the prolonger of the aging time,the different aging time affects the microstructure rulely.

结果表明：Cu-Al-X系形状记忆合金中，Mn和Ti的加入细化了组织，并且形成了富Mn和富Ti相，起到沉淀强化和弥散强化的作用；对于同一种变形量，合金在母相时效时，形状记忆效应随时效保温时间呈现规律性变化，不同时效温度下，合金对应一个不同的时效时间，此时合金的显微组织呈现最佳自协作状态，马氏体板条细密有序，富Ti和Al相均匀的弥散在组织中，合金中没有或很少有共析相出现，且随着时效时间的延长，在不同的特定温度下，Cu-24Al-3Mn-2Ti合金的组织会有规律性的变化。

It is shown that Mn and Ti had refined the microstructure, and formed to precipitation affluent of Mn or Ti, which approved the performance of the shape memory alloy. For a certain strain, the shape memory effect varyied functionly together with the aging time: alloy performance the best coorperative status that the martensite lathing was close and ordered, the precipitation rich of Mn and Ti dispersed orderly in the microstructure and little or even no eutectoid phase had precipited in the alloy, in a special aging temperature and time. With the prolonger of the aging time, the different aging time affects the microstructure rulely.

结果表明：Cu-Al-X系形状记忆合金中，Mn和Ti的加入细化了组织，并且形成了富Mn和富Ti相，起到沉淀强化和弥散强化的作用；对于同一种变形量，合金在母相时效时，形状记忆效应随时效保温时间呈现规律性变化，不同时效温度下，合金对应一个不同的时效时间，此时合金的显微组织呈现最佳自协作状态，马氏体板条细密有序，富Ti和Al相均匀的弥散在组织中，合金中没有或很少有共析相出现，且随着时效时间的延长，在不同的特定温度下，Cu-24Al-3Mn-2Ti合金的组织会有规律性的变化。

For strengthening the supervision and management of temperature field of concrete and the temperature difference between inner face and surface,the heat sensors are buried in typical sections of concrete in different part and depth in order to test the temperature of each typical section and draw the temperature field graph and temperature drop graph which can guide the task of temperature lowering and thermal retardation.

为加强对浇筑体温度场与内表温差的监测与管理，通过采用在混凝土不同部位及深度的典型截面埋设热传感器，测试各典型截面的温度，及时绘出温度场、温降曲线图，一方面可指导降温、保温工作的进行；另一方面可通过测温总结出大体积混凝土的温度变化和分布规律，为以后在铁路客运专线桥梁工程的施工中防止大体积混凝土出现有害裂缝提供有价值的参考数据和方案。

The factors which affect the rate of evaporation in enclosed LNG storage tank are various, and they mainly are the initial filling rate, the ambient temperature , the insulation structure (effective thermal conductivity ), the initial pressure within the tank, the tank pressure of work , the amount of nitrogen in LNG, the tank volume size and so on.

影响密闭LNG储罐蒸发率的因素是多方面的，主要有储罐的初始充满率、环境温度、储罐保温结构、储罐内的初始压力、储罐的工作压力大小、LNG中含氮量的多少、储罐的容积大小等。

The disc type counter current chromatographic separation column comprises at least a or a plurality of discs provided with designing slots, clapboards at two sides of each disc, the cylinder rotating axis, an upper flange and a lower flange; the cylinder rotating axis is hollow and passes through the center of the upper flange, the lower flange, the discs and the clapboards; the inner edge and the outer edge of the upper flange, the lower flange, the discs and the clapboards are provided with a plurality of bolt pieces that fix the upper flange, the lower flange, the discs and the clapboards together.

一种多功能高效逆流色谱仪，它由盘式逆流色谱分离柱、配重体、行星架、柱体自转轴、行星轮、中心轮、中心公转轴、电机、传动装置、速度控制装置和保温机箱组成；所述的盘式逆流色谱分离柱，它包括有至少一个或多个设槽的圆盘、每个圆盘两侧的隔板、柱体自转轴和上法兰、下法兰；所述的柱体自转轴为空心，贯穿在上法兰、下法兰、圆盘及隔板的中心；在上法兰、下法兰、圆盘及隔板的内外边缘设有多个螺栓部件，将上、下法兰、圆盘及隔板固定在一起。

Before conducting the study, students believed that Heat could not influence gas and liquid volume.Matter didn't have thermal expansion. Metal ring's diameter will shrink after heating. The melting quantity of salt is much quicker and faster than sugar in the same temperature or water. Only metals can conduct heat, but not wood, glass, plastics. The quantity of heat is by steam way disappearing.

一、学童对「物质与热」的迷思概念有：(1)「热对气体、液体体积不会有影响」的概念，(2)听过热胀冷缩的语词，但是对原因不明了，(3)金属双圆环加热后，内环孔的口径会变小，(4)同温度且等量水，盐的溶解量比糖多、也比糖快；(5)木材、塑胶、玻璃不会传热，金属才会传热；(6)以为热量是以水蒸气方式散失，(7)冷气机应安装在高处，冷房效果较佳；(8)误认为金属是良好的保温材质。

Recently, using solid clay brick is gradually prohibited, so the new wall material is required to fill up the new architecture. Many sections research on this field, using fly ash to develop new building materials is the mostly adopted method, among the new building materials, fly ash foamed concrete is a noticeable one because of its outstanding merits such as light weight, heat preservation, sound insulation and good resisting earthquake. Using fly ash to develop foamed concrete can not only become fly ash into resources, but also provide a new kind of building materials for the innovation of wall materials, which has good economy and society benefits.

近年来，由于墙改&禁实&政策的实施，市场急需新的墙体材料来填补新建筑所需，许多单位相继开展了各有关研究，综合利用粉煤灰研制开发新型建材逐渐成为了主流，其中多孔混凝土特别是粉煤灰发泡混凝土，正以它突出的轻质、保温、隔音、抗震效果好等优点，成为一种引人注目的建筑材料，利用工业固体废弃物粉煤灰研制发泡混凝土不仅能实现粉煤灰的资源化，而且还可为墙体材料的改革提供一种新型建筑材料，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。

This computer control system can control the accuracy of the warming pan sterilization, thermal insulation, packing, cooling, and can show that the sterilization process and detailed record of temperature, T-t curve, according to different product design store more than 100 Sterilization process, in accordance with user requirements and design of the hot pan detection distribution of food sterilization process of analysis, providing a favourable scientific basis.

此电脑控制系统，能准确无误的控制杀菌锅的升温、保温、保压、冷却，并能显示出整个杀菌的过程和详细记录温度、T－t曲线图，能够根据不同产品设计贮存100多个杀菌工艺，并可根据用户要求设计检测锅内的热分布，对食品杀菌过程的分析，提供有利的科学依据。

Starting from the feet and working up, I'm wearing: a pair of cotton socks, with a pair of thermal socks over them; a pair of ankle-high Gore-Tex boots; a set of thermal long-johns; a pair of jeans; a thermal undershirt (a present from a worried family member); a long-sleeved T-shirt; a tight-fitting cashmere jumper; a fleece; a padded winter coat with hood; a thin pair of woollen gloves (so that when I take the outer pair off to take photographs I won't expose naked flesh); a pair of gloves made of wool and Thinsulate; a wool scarf; and a woolly football hat.

我从脚上到头顶穿的是：一双棉袜、外套一双保暖袜；一双到脚踝的 Gore-Tex 牌靴子；一套保暖长内裤；一条牛仔裤；一件保暖内衣（这是一位不放心的家人送的礼物）；一件长袖 T 恤；一件紧身高领羊绒衫；一件羊皮茄克；一件带垫衬和帽子的冬大衣；一双薄羊毛手套（这样我把外层手套脱下拍照的时候，手不会暴露在外）；一双用羊毛和保温材料做的手套；一条羊毛围巾；一顶羊毛足球帽。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。