俄国的

The author holds that the rooted cause of the forming of League of Armed Neutrality is the contradictions of strategic interests between Russia and Britain in the late half of the 18th century; the forming of League of Armed Neutrality has many advantageous condiions and favorable international environment; League of Armed Neutrality further improves the international status of Russia and exerts important influence on the development of contemporary international relations.

文章认为1780年武装中立同盟形成的根本原因是十八世纪下半叶俄国与英国之间存在战略利益的矛盾；武装中立同盟的形成具有诸多有利条件及良好的国际环境；武装中立同盟使俄国国际地位进一步提高，也对近代国际关系的发展产生了重要影响，其政治意义远大于其经济意义。

By the analysis of the difference in the board before the Second Congress of the RSDLP, as well as the bifurcation between Martov and Lenin on the congress, I think the reason for Menshevik"s foundation is not their bifurcation on the problem of party member, but the difference between Martov and Lenin on the election of the RSDLP"s Central Committee and the editorial board of Iskra.

通过分析俄国社会民主工党第二次代表大会之前《火星报》编委会的分裂，代表大会上马尔托夫与列宁的政见分歧，本文认为孟什维克的形成是马尔托夫与列宁在俄国社会民主工党中央委员会和《火星报》新编委会选举上的分歧造成的，而不是我们通常所认为的在党员资格上的分歧造成的。

Both Russia and Japan coveted control of Korea and Manchuria. In February 1904, the Japanese launched a surprise attack against the British garrison in Port Arthur, laying siege to the town. In May 1905, the Russian fleet, which had come to Port Arthur's aid, was destroyed in the naval battle at Tsushima, confirming the Japanese victory. The Russian capitulation, signed in September 1905, gave Japan control of Korea.

俄国和日本同时觊觎对朝鲜和满洲的控制权。1904年2月，日本对在旅顺口的英国驻军发动了突然袭击并包围了旅顺口。1905年5月，前来旅顺口援助的俄国舰队在对马海战中被摧毁从而确认了日本的胜利。1905年9月，日俄两国签订了休战书，日本取得了对朝鲜的控制权。

By carefully delineating the cultural root of the formation of Stalinist mode with regard to the historical, theoretical, and practical environment analysis, the thesis reveals the significant connections between the problems faced by the "intelligentsia hierarchs" in their attempts to erect a new culture, along with the limitations exposed through these attempts, and the Russian history, culture and traditions. Although the disciplinary character of the proletarian\'s political party theory also played part of the role in this Stalinist mode formation process, the absolutization of the disciplinary character was in fact also a derivative of the culture and tradition. In other words, the revolutionary intelligentsia deeply influenced by the Russian culture and tradition was the major undertakers or the main body to construct Stalinist mode.

论文通过从历史上、理论上和现实环境中分析论证斯大林模式产生的文化根源，揭示了权力知识人在建构新文化中所面临的种种问题以及他们自身暴露的缺陷都与俄国历史文化传统有极大的关系，虽然无产阶级政党理论本身的内在规定性也有一定的联系，但这种内在规定性被绝对化实际上也是离不开文化传统，由此可以这样说：深受俄国文化传统影响的革命知识分子是建构斯大林模式的主要承担者或主体。

But if we regard the object of the battle as what was actually accomplished by it, and what was the universal desire of all Russians (the expulsion of the French from Russia and the destruction of their army), it will be perfectly evident that the battle of Tarutino, precisely in consequence of its incongruities, was exactly what was wanted at that period of the campaign.

如果那次战役的目的是实际上已经达到的目的的话，那么，当时所有俄国人的一个共同愿望（把法国人从俄国赶出去，消灭他们的军队），那么，问题就十分明显，塔鲁丁诺战役正是因为矛盾而出，所以恰好是那个时期所必需的战役。

Not having reckoned on meeting the enemy at the stream, and coming upon them unexpectedly in the fog, not hearing a word of encouragement from their commanding officers, with a general sense of being too late, and seeing nothing before or about them in the fog, the Russians fired slowly and languidly at the enemy, never receiving a command in time from the officers and adjutants, who wandered about in the fog in an unknown country, unable to find their own divisions.

因为俄国人没有预料到在山下的河上会遇见敌人，他们在大雾之中意外地碰上敌人了，他们没有听到最高首长激励士兵的话，部队中普遍存在着一种意识：已经迟到了。主要是，在浓雾之中看不见自己前面和周围的任何东西，俄国人懒洋洋地、行动迟缓地和敌人对射，向前推进一点，又停下来，没有及时地接到首长和副官的命令，他们没有去找自己的部队，却在雾气沉沉的不熟悉的地区徘徊寻路。

Psychiatry in Russia provides some evidence of the budding genius at work, but also proves that from scratchy and unpromising first efforts, greatness can build in the career of a documentarist. Despite the death of his brother in 1987, Albert continues to make unique and intelligent documentaries over 50 years after this first one. This is a chance to see the beginnings of a personal style that would come to revolutionise American documentary.Albert and David Maysles are key figures in the birth of the American direct cinema movement. Their mode of filmmaking involves creating a close bond with their subject so that the camera becomes a natural and unobtrusive element.

但无论如何，作为冷战时期少有的几部真实反映苏联社会现状的西方新闻纪录片，《精神病学在俄国》以不带任何政治偏见的眼光审视了苏联的精神病学发展状况和治疗手段，更展现出一位纪录片大师真诚的心，从这点上说，《精神病学在俄国》与梅索斯后来建立的&直接电影&在理念上是相同的，那就是&真实&，直接电影放弃一切画外音叙述，把镜头在被拍摄者生活中的位置降到最低，以最自然最不干预的方式记录，也正是为了追求绝对的真实。

Psychiatry in Russia provides some evidence of the budding genius at work but also proves that from scratchy and unpromising first efforts greatness can build in the career of a documentarist. Despite the death of his brother in 1987 Albert continues to make unique and intelligent documentaries over 50 years after this first one. This is a chance to see the beginnings of a personal style that would come to revolutionise American documentary.Albert and David Maysles are key figures in the birth of the American direct cinema movement. Their mode of filmmaking involves creating a close bond with their subject so that the camera becomes a natural and unobtrusive element.

但无论如何，作为冷战时期少有的几部真实反映苏联社会现壮的西方新闻纪录片，《精神病学在俄国》以不带任何政治偏见的眼光审视了苏联的精神病学发展壮况和治疗手段，更展现出一位纪录片大师真诚的心，从这点上说，《精神病学在俄国》与梅索斯后来建立的&直接电影&在理念上是相同的，那就是&真实&，直接电影放弃一切画外音叙述，把镜头在被拍摄者生活中的位置降到最低，以最自然最不干预的方式记录，也正是为了追求绝对的真实。

It was the commemoration of three centuries of the Romanov Dynasty and all the imperial family was lavished with gifts and when Easter came up Faberge came up with a far more elaborate egg than he did in the years before.

这一年正逢罗曼诺夫王朝（俄国封建王朝，始于1613年，1917年被俄国二月革命推翻）执政300年的周年纪念，皇室贵族之间流行互赠礼物。就在这一年的复活节，费伯奇向沙皇献上了这枚彩蛋，这枚彩蛋比他以往所献上的任何以每彩蛋都要精美的多。

After crossing by a forced march behind Pahra to the Tula road, the generals of the Russian army intended to remain at Podolsk, and had no idea of the Tarutino position. But an infinite number of circumstances, among them the reappearance of French troops on the scene, and plans for giving battle, and most of all, the abundance of supplies in Kaluga, led our army to turn even more to the south, and to pass from the Tula to the Kaluga road to Tarutino, a central position between their lines of communication with their supplies.

冒险渡过帕赫拉河向图拉大路运动时，俄国军队的司令官们曾打算在波多尔斯克停留下来，并没有考虑塔鲁丁诺阵地，但是，无数的情况和先前不知俄国军队踪迹的法国军队的再次出现、作战计划、主要是卡卢加的粮秣充足，迫使俄军向南移动，向给养所在地的交叉路口转移，从图拉大路转到卡卢日斯卡雅大路，直趋塔鲁丁诺。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。