俄国

But even if we admit that Kutuzov and Tchitchagov and the others were responsible for the non-success of the Russians, it is still impossible to understand why, in the position the Russian troops were in at Krasnoe and the Berezina, on both occasions with numerically superior forces, the French army and marshals were not taken prisoners, if that really was the aim of the Russians.

然而，退一万步来说，让我们假定，俄国人的失误是库图佐夫和奇恰戈夫等人的罪过。然而仍然难于理解的是，为什么俄国军队在克拉斯诺耶和在别列济纳拥有那些条件（俄国军队在这两处均占据优势），而法国军队及其元帅们、王侯们和皇帝没有被俘获，而这又正是俄国人的目的，这又是什么原因呢？

The same day he learned that Prince Andrey had lived for more than a month after the battle of Borodino, and had only a short time before died at Yaroslavl in the Rostovs' house.

只有库图佐夫一个人不愿意理解这一点，他公开说出了自己的意见，他认为，新的战争不但不能改善俄国的地位和增加俄国的荣誉，而且只能损害她的地位和按照他的见解，降低俄国现在所获得的最高荣誉。

There are always so many presuppositions as to the cause of every event that, however the matter ends, there are always people who will say:"I said at the time that it would be so": quite oblivious of the fact that among the numerous suppositions they made there were others too suggesting just the opposite course of events. The notion that Napoleon was aware of the danger of extending his line, and that the Russians had a scheme for drawing the enemy into the heart of Russia, obviously belong to the same category; and only historians with a great bias can ascribe such reflections to Napoleon and his marshals, or such plans to the Russian generals.

谈到拿破仑已经感到战线拉长的危险，谈到俄国人方面有意诱敌深入俄国腹地，显然其假设都是属于这一类的推测；只有历史学家才能非常牵强附会地把那样的推测强加在拿破仑和他的将帅身上，把那样的计划强加在俄国军事将领身上。

Martov is one of the propagators and practicers of the Marxism in Russia. He is one of the primary founders of Iskra and a master editor at its edit board, and also one of the predominant theorists and leaders of the Russian revolutionary history. At the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, the party split into Menshevik and Bolshevik because of the divarication between Mrtov and Lenin. Then they became the leader of each faction.

马尔托夫是马克思主义在俄国的传播者和实践者之一，是俄国社会民主工党机关报《火星报》的主要创办者和编委会中的一员，是俄国革命运动中卓越的理论家和领导人之一。1903年俄国社会民主工党第二次代表大会上，马尔托夫与列宁的分歧引起了党的分裂，而后，他们分别成为孟什维克和布尔什维克的主要领导人。

The parameters of X-ray sensitometry ,such as sensitivity,gradation,gamma,fog,and resolving power,granularity,silver contents of emulsion layers of films and total thickness of coating layers of films produced in Russia and by foreign companies and the quality classification of these films by using recommended Russian standard of quality classifi.

介绍了无损伤检测用射线技术胶片的质量分类国际标准和俄国标准的要点，做了俄国国产和国外射线技术胶片的 X射线感光测定和解相力、颗粒度、含银量以及乳剂层厚度的检测，将这些胶片按推荐用于俄国的分类标准做了分类。

Everything proves that Frederick could not have withstood France, Austria, and Russia throughout a campaign if these powers had cooperated in good faith, nor could he have conducted two campaigns against Austria and Russia if the Russian cabinet had allowed its armies to occupy winter quarters in the theater of operations.

回复：历史上有那么一个人，他与拿破仑很像，他也是欧洲十大帝王之一一切证明腓特烈没有能承受法国、奥地利的进攻以及俄国在竞选过程中如果这些力量协作得到帮助，能在他举办第二次竞选中反对奥地利和俄国。如果俄国内阁允许它的军队占据冬季季度的剧院。

Lacking in historical and cultural traditions and public support, the Russian liberalism was taken as a social carrier only by part of the aristocracy, intellectuals and the bureaucracy. Those Russians with libral attitudes and activators in local self-government offices in Russia dare never self-appoint "liberalists." As a result, liberalism never rose as the mainline ideology.

俄国自由主义缺乏历史文化传统和民众基础，只有一部分贵族、知识分子和官僚作为它的社会载体，俄国地方自治局的活动家和具有自由主义倾向的人始终不敢以&自由主义者&自称，俄国自由主义终究未能成为俄国社会的主流意识形态。

Pushkin (1799 ~ 1837), Russia mighty poet , novelist, 19 centuries Russias romantism literature represents mainly, the founder who is also realistic literature at the same time , modern Russia standard founder, his all "sun bodies "father , Russia poetry and song" of being Russia literature" is praised all are expert in, have founded Russia nation literature and literary language , have provided an example in poetry and song , novel , drama even children's stories waits for each fields of literature to give Russia literature.

普希金(1799～1837)，俄国伟大的诗人、小说家，19世纪俄国浪漫主义文学主要代表，同时也是现实主义文学的奠基人，现代标准俄语的创始人，被誉为&俄国文学之父&、&俄国诗歌的太阳&他诸体皆擅，创立了俄罗斯民族文学和文学语言，在诗歌、小说、戏剧乃至童话等文学各个领域都给俄罗斯文学提供了典范。

Pushkin (1799 ~ 1837), Russia mighty poet , novelist, 19 centuries Russias romantism literature represents mainly, the founder who is also realistic literature at the same time , modern Russia standard founder, his all "sun bodies "father , Russia poetry and song" of being Russia literature" is praised all are expert in, have founded Russia nation literature and literary language , have provided an example in poetry and song , novel , drama even children's stories waits for each fields of literature to give Russia literature.

普希金(1799～1837)，俄国伟大地诗人、小说家，19世纪俄国浪漫主义文学主要代表，同时也是现实主义文学的奠基人，现代标准俄语的创始人，被誉为&俄国文学之父&、&俄国诗歌的太阳&他诸体皆擅，创立了俄罗斯民族文学和文学语言，在诗歌、小说、戏剧乃至童话等文学各个领域都给俄罗斯文学提供了典范。

But it is also worth noting that Russians, Russia's put-upon neighbours and the shareholders in the Sakhalin project are not the only people who stand to suffer as a result of the Russian economy and political system being mismanaged this way.

值得一提的是，俄国、为俄国所用的邻国以及库页岛项目的股东们都不是俄国这种错误做法仅有的受害方，俄国坚持独立开发油气资源，对于世界上任何消费能源的人来讲都是坏消息。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。