侵蚀地

The process of ecological degradation in the vicinity of Shaoguan Pb/Zn smelter may be summed as: heavy metals and acidic deposits from the waste gas from smelter resulted in the vanishment of the sensitive plant species, increasing accumulation of heavy metals in soils and acidification of topsoil worsened the chemical properties and then shallow-rooted plant, mainly the herbaceous, vanished. With the demolishment of the vegetation cover, increasing water-soil erosion worsened physico-chemical properties of soil and, subsequently, some woody plants disappeared and barren land was finally appeared.

该生态系统的退化过程可以归纳为：来自于冶炼废气的重金属和酸沉降导致了敏感植物的消亡，丧失了对土壤的缓冲保护作用；重金属在土壤表层的积累，酸性物质在土壤表层的增加导致的土壤酸化以及由此引发的有机质与养分的淋溶和重金属及Al的活性增加，加剧植被的快速退化，特别是浅根植物的衰亡；地被层的破坏，导致水土流失和土壤侵蚀加深，进一步恶化表层土壤的理化性质，一些木本植物随之消失，最终形成光板地。

"The slope averages about 1 in 30, but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces , and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses."

斜度的平均坡度是三十分之一，但也有陡峭的甚至是垂直的悬崖和坡度不大的覆盖着沉积物的缓和的阶地，阶地的下段是一条很宽广的曳沙带，它几乎无疑是大陆块体遭侵蚀后冲入深水中物质形成的。

Surface erosion occurs mainly in farmland, sparse grassland and woodland, is the rainfall and runoff erosion on the surface is relatively uniform, including the raindrop erosion, sheet erosion and rill erosion .

面蚀主要发生在坡耕地、稀疏牧草地和林地，是降水和径流对地表相对均匀的侵蚀方式，包括雨滴侵蚀、片蚀和细沟侵蚀。

The main results were summarized as follows: 1 After forestland was destroyed into farmland, the main erosion type changed from sheet erosion to intensive rill and severe shallow gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion was severe and erosion intensity was hundreds to thousands times greater than those in the forestland prior to deforestation.

随着开垦年限的增加，单位降雨侵蚀力引起的侵蚀量呈加剧趋势。在植被破坏15年的裸露休闲地浅沟集水区，侵蚀蚀强度随坡长的增加而增加，且浅沟槽侵蚀量大于浅沟间，切沟沟槽侵蚀量大于切沟间。

In Luye River, the alluvial fans were incised by the main stream as terraces. The highest two levels of terraces in altitude have been deformed by active faults and folds. Field investigation shows the highest surface is covered by lateritic soils. In Beinan River, there are strath terraces developed.

鹿野溪的四阶河阶地，是河口冲积扇在河川下切后受切割形成的，卑南溪的四阶河阶地均分布於河川东岸，是鹿野溪冲积扇发育时，迫使卑南溪向东侧迁移，强烈的侧蚀作用形成的侵蚀面，在后期河川下切后形成的。

To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years.

为了表明有足够的时间让自然选择慢慢地进行，他再次引用《地质学原理》和其它基于沉积和侵蚀的观察资料，包括对威尔德原野侵蚀为三亿年的估计。

These results indicate that the geological and geomorphological conditions must be considered in order to prevent mass movements in the Loess Plateau.

因此在防治重力侵蚀过程中，必须充分地研究各地的地质地貌条件，因地制宜地防治不同类型的重力侵蚀。

Aturate interception of vegetation in woodland (forest canopy, understory and litter), annual stem flow, Maximum capillary moisture capacity in woodland, saturate infiltration rate of woodland soil, runoff modules of woodland, rainfall erosive force indices, annual river runoff volume and sediment delivery as well as their seasonal distribution, the maximum peak flood frequency curve

oil and water conservation forest 林地植被饱和截留量(林冠层+林地活地被物层+林地枯落层)，树干年径流量，林地土壤最大毛管持水量，林地土壤饱和入渗率，林地径流模数，降雨侵蚀力指标，林地土壤侵蚀模数，河道年径流量和输沙量及其季节分配，河道最大洪峰流量频率曲线

In this study, we take severely soil eroded land, ban forest (as the control I ecosystem after planting Pinus massoniana and baned) and a mixed forest of Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation and Pinus massoniana (as the control II ecosystem after planting a mixed forest of Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation and Pinus massoniana and taking engineering restoration measurement)for study.

本文以未治理的侵蚀地作为对照，以在侵蚀地上营造马尾松并封禁管理以及通过工程措施后种植杉木—马尾松混交林为研究对象，通过野外观测和实验室分析，研究了不同恢复措施对土壤结构、土壤化学性质、群落生物量、植物养分、生物多样性的影响。

According to the 137Cs concentration distribution along a typical profile A-1, the sediment accumulation rate and the natural surface soil erosion rate are respectively 16.6t/km^2a and 45.95t/km^2a, which shows that about 63.88% of the eroded surface soil is removed by way of underground loss. The relative contribution ratio of surface soil loss and underground soil loss are respectively 70.13% and 29.87%. By comparison to the utmost soil formation rate 13.51t/km^2a in Maolan, the risk of soil erosion in the Engineering Monument grass-covered depression is higher.

2根据草地洼地典型堆积农耕地土壤剖面A-1的137Cs浓度分布特征，1963年以来的流域平均堆积泥沙数量是16.6t/km^2a，流域平均土壤侵蚀速率为45.95t/km^2a，约占侵蚀产沙数量63.88%的泥沙以地下流失的形式散失；(3)草地洼地小流域内地面土壤流失与地下土壤流失的相对贡献率分别是70.13%和29.87%；(4)以茂兰地区最大成土速率为依据推算出的允许土壤侵蚀量是13.51t/km^2a，草地洼地的土壤侵蚀危险程度极高。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。