侵权行为人

Liability without fault is the base and standard to confirm the actor's civil liability. It is the basic rule for judicatory department to deal with tortuous dissension. However, because of the misunderstanding of liability without fault and the effect of traditional conception there always be aboil argument for any step it moves forward . But no matter in the world or in china ,it applies more and more abroad .

绪言无过错责任原则进入我国侵权法领域从而作为判断确定侵权行为人的民事责任的根据和标准的时间较晚，由于法学界特别是立法对其科学内涵的准确把握还存在一定的分歧，一方面导致了立法上对其准确地界定和相关配套法律规范的滞后，另一方面不可避免地影响了司法实践中对其适用的划一，客观上造成了一定的混乱的局面。

That the tort—feasor shall bear the liability is justified merely because of the"sin"of the environmental tort rather than his／her wrong or other causes.

让环境侵权行为人承担责任不是基于过错或其他什么理由，而是以环境侵权行为的原罪为根据。

The responsibility of employer ought to include erroneous responsibility and unmistaken one.

雇主责任应包括过错与无过错责任，雇主责任的承担应以雇员的职务行为应当承担侵权责任为前提，要以直接侵权行为人与责任承担人之间存在劳动关系为前提。

Summary In copyright infringement cases,if the alleged infringer uses or even plagiarizes the copyrighted works or parts thereof,which causes no substantially adverse effect on the normal exploitation of the work,nor does it inflict any substantial damages to the right owner,the de minis doctrine should be applied to exempt the liabilities of the defendant and seek the balance of interests between the right owner and the general public embodied by the copyright law.

在侵犯著作权案件中，如果被控侵权行为人虽未经著作权人的同意，使用甚至抄袭了受著作权保护的作品或作品的片段，但若情节轻微，未对该作品的正常使用产生任何实质不利的影响，亦未对权利人的权利造成实质性的损害，则应适用&不计琐细原则&，免除行为人的责任，以寻求在权利人利益与著作权法所体现的社会公共利益之间的平衡。

The establishment of the requisite relationship between the defendant and the tortfeasor is the key to vicarious liability.

加拿大侵权法中，转承责任不是一种独立的责任形式，但却采用严格责任归责，被告与侵权行为人之间必要关系的建立是转承责任的前提。

A person who is liable to another based on a failure to protect the other from the specific risk of an intentional tort is jointly and severally liable for the share of comparative responsibility assigned to the intentional tortfeasor in addition to the share of comparative responsibility assigned to the person.

因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对他人提供保护而承担责任的一方，应在分配给他的比较责任份额之外，对分配给故意侵权行为人的比较责任份额承担连带责任。

If one defendant and at least one other party or settling tortfeasor may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of an indivisible injury, each such party and settling tortfeasor is submitted to the factfinder for assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.

如果一个被告和至少另一方当事人或者和解侵权行为人可能被事实调查人确认曾经参与了作为一不可分损害法律原因的侵权行为，上述每一方与和解侵权行为人都需遵从于由事实调查人分配的比较责任份额。

If all defendants can only be held jointly and severally liable for an indivisible injury, each party and each settling tortfeasor who may be found by the factfinder to have engaged in tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury are submitted to the fact-finder for an assignment of a percentage of comparative responsibility.

如果对所有被告均只能对一不可分损害适用连带责任，可能被事实调查人发现参与了作为原告损害的法律原因的侵权行为的每一方和每一和解侵权行为人都需遵从事实调查人对比较责任份额的分配。

Chapter 3 analyses the relationship between the performing party during carriage of goods by sea and the carrier as well as the cargo owners. It shows that the performing party during carriage of goods by sea is in dual legal status, i.e. on the one hand it is the independent contractor or sub-contractor of the carrier, and on the other hand it is a tort-feasor against the cargo owners.

第3章分析了海上货物运输中的履约方与承运人以及与货方的关系，指出海上货物运输中的履约方在海上货物运输复杂的法律关系中具有双重的法律地位，一方面它与承运人之间存在一般的商业合同关系，是承运人的独立合同人或分合同人，另一方面它与货方之间存在侵权的法律关系，处于侵权行为人的法律地位。

That the tort-feasor shah bear the liability is justified merely because of the"sin"of the environmental tort rather than his/her wrong or other causes.

让环境侵权行为人承担责任不是基于过错或其他什么理由，而是以环境侵权行为的原罪为根据。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。