侵权行为

The writer deems that this issue should be envisaged, the impairment compensation responsibility of connubial tort and the impairment compensation responsibility of divorcements should be clarified, and further deal well with the concurrence issue of entreatment rights; ascertain the sort of impairment compensation of connubial tort, and grasp the applying condition, thereby build the connubial impairment compensation system which being adapt-able to our country's state situation.

笔者认为，应正视这一问题，厘清婚内侵权损害赔偿责任与离婚损害赔偿责任，处理好请求权的竞合问题；明确婚内侵权损害赔偿行为的类型，把握适用条件，从而构建适合我国国情的婚内损害赔偿制度。

It consists of subjective intention or great misfeasance of identifier, illegal identification, result of damages, causality between illegal identification and result of damages.

鉴定人主观上有故意或重大过失、违法鉴定行为、损害结果、违法鉴定行为与损害结果有因果关系，是这一侵权责任的构成要件。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害"死者人格"的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的"名义上的精神损害"，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

Article 20 Manager shall bear the responsibility for compensating to the damage made by damager to the damaged party under the violation of the provision of this Law. Amount of the compensation shall be equivalent to the profit made by the damager during its damaging, if it is difficult to measure the amount of damage; And it also shall compensate the reasonable cost to the damaged party who has paid the cost to investigate the activities of unfair competition made by damager.

第二十条经营者违反本法规定，给被侵害的经营者造成损害的，应当承担损害赔偿责任，被侵害的经营者的损失难以计算的，赔偿额为侵权人在侵权期间因侵权所获得的利润；并应当承担被侵害的经营者因调查该经营者侵害其合法权益的不正当竞争行为所支付的合理费用。

Melvile B.Nimmer ＆ David Nimmer,Nimmer on Copyright, 13.05[2],Matthew Bender ＆ company,Inc.,（2003）;Paul Goldstein,Copyright（2nd Edition）vol.2,Part Three, 6.0,6.1,Aspen Law ＆ Business（2002）.[43]Restatement of the Law,Second,Torts, 876;Fowler Harper,Fleming James ＆ Oscar Gray,The Law of Torts（2nd Edition）, 10.1,Little Brown and Co.

加拿大、英国和澳大利亚等英美法系国家的《版权法》均规定：版权人以外的人擅自&许可&他人实施受&专有权利&控制的行为为&许可侵权&，属于典型的&间接侵权&，见Copyright Act，S.3（1）及王迁：&论版权法中的'间接责任'&，载《科技与法律》2005年第2期。

The responsibility of employer ought to include erroneous responsibility and unmistaken one.

雇主责任应包括过错与无过错责任，雇主责任的承担应以雇员的职务行为应当承担侵权责任为前提，要以直接侵权行为人与责任承担人之间存在劳动关系为前提。

News torts belong to civil torts, in which must bear the blame of civil responsibility. In this case, news department or people bring much harms to the rights of somebody or other organizes when they use the media, such as newspaper, periodical magazine and television broadcast, to circulate news.

新闻侵权是民事侵权的一种类型，主要是指新闻单位或个人利用报纸、定期刊物、广播电视等新闻传播工具，对公民、法人和其他组织的名誉权、荣誉权、姓名权、名称权及其他合法权益造成不法侵害而应承担民事责任的行为。

The thesis aims to discuss the law issues about infringement of copyright caused by the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology. Based on the first P2P indictment in China that the "BuSheng" company prosecutes the "Flight Network" Company for the technical tort of music work copyright using the P2P technology, it argues the behavior qualitative (whether it is reasonable use or directly infringement upon the right) of the software technical service provider indirect tort and end-users from the theories and legal precedent in domestic and foreign related theories.

本论文的目的是探讨P2P技术所引发的著作权法律问题，论文以被称为&中国P2P第一案&的步升公司诉飞行网公司利用P2P（即英文&Peer-to-Peer&的缩写，中文译为对等互联或点对点技术）技术侵犯音乐作品著作权一案为切入点，结合国内外的相关理论及判例，对由P2P技术所引起的软件技术服务商的间接侵权问题及终端用户的行为定性（属于合理使用还是直接侵权？

Part fiveraises several suggestions for perfecting our trademark law. First, it should expand trademark"s function and expand trademark protection range. Second, it should strengthen the effect of Unti-unaffair Completion Law for trademark protection. Third, in legislation of our country, it should endow the people"s courts with the right to affirm the resound trademark right. Four, it should allow the trademark right owners to protect their trademark rights with recovery trademark and allying trademark. Five, it should increase the relative accusals to strike trademark torts. Finally, it should make a uniform intellectual code to change the dispersive legislation mode.

第五部分是本文的创新点和重点，针对我国立法的现状，提出完善我国商标立法的几点建议：其一，扩大商标法保护的对象，其中包括扩大商标的概念；在商标权的授予上，采用使用主义和注册主义相结合的混合原则，扩大商标法保护范围；其二，加强反不正当竞争法在我国商标保护中的作用；其三，立法应允许商标所有人运用防御商标、联合商标来预防和抵制他人的侵权；其四，增加、充实有关罪名，打击商标侵权犯罪行为；其六，制定我国统一的知识产权法典，改变分散的立法模式。

Informed that the focus of rectifying the market order includes four aspects : First, a certain scale and regional producing and selling counterfeit and shoddy goods; Second, the crisis of people's life and property safety and production operations; 3 is a serious business and the interests of consumers against the false advertising and trademark infringement; Fourth, endangering social stability, and the nature of fraudulent pyramid schemes.

通知说，整顿市场秩序的重点包括四个方面：一是具有一定规模和区域性的制售假冒伪劣商品行为；二是危机人民群众生命财产安全的违法生产经营行为；三是严重侵害经营和消费者权益的商标侵权和虚假广告行为；四是危害社会稳定、具有欺诈性质的传销行为。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。