依据的

In this topic, the dynamic analysis methods for piezoelectric vibrator are studied systematically based on the theoretical model, FEM numerical experimentation and FEM governing equation for given compound-mode vibrator, and some valuable conclusions are obtained. The main work accomplished is summarized as follows: 1.Elaborate the main modeling methods for piezoelectric vibrator and the significance and necessity to study the dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric vibrator which emphasize the urgency of this paper. 2.Take the bending deformation induced by piezoelectric ceramic as example, the energy transfer mechanism of electric energy to mechanical energy are analyzed; the motion and force transfer mechanism are analyzed for the longitudinal-bending vibrator. 3.Based on mode assumption and Hamilton principle, the coupling model of piezoelectric vibrator of linear USM is built; moreover, the equivalent circuit model is obtained and a coupling equation represents the relation between electric parameters and mechanical parameters is derived which provides foundation to match the vibrator and driving circuit. 4.Combine the constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic with elastic-dynamical equation, geometric equation in force field and the Maxwell equation in electric field and the corresponding boundary condition equation, the FEM control equation for piezoelectric vibrator of USM to solve dynamic electro-mechanical coupling field is established by employing the principle of virtual displacement. The equation lays the foundation to study the non-linear constitutive equation of piezoelectric ceramic driven by high-power. 5.Define the dynamic indexes of characteristic of vibrator and carry out variable parameters simulation by calculating the model parameters and the electric characteristics of vibrator are simulated according to the equivalent circuit model. By numerical experimentation, the working mode of vibration of vibrator and the shock excitation results of the working frequency band which provides the mode frequency to realize bimodal are analyzed. Detailed calculation of the electro-mechanical coupling field parameters is made by programming the FEM control equation.

本课题从理论模型、有限元数值试验、有限元控制模型等方面以复合振动模式振子为例对超声电机压电振子的动力学特性及其分析方法进行了全面系统地研究，得出了许多有价值的结论，主要概括如下： 1、阐述了目前针对超声电机压电振子的主要建模方法，对压电振子动态特性的研究意义和必要性进行了论述，突出了本文研究内容的迫切性； 2、以压电陶瓷诱发弹性体发生弯曲变形为例，分析了压电陶瓷通过诱发应变来实现机电能量转换的机理；对基于纵弯模式的压电振子的运动及动力传递机理进行了分析； 3、基于模态假定，利用分析动力学的Hamilton原理，建立了面向直线超声电机压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型，并据此建立了压电振子的等效电路模型，导出了电参量与动力学特性参量的耦合方程，为压电振子与驱动电路的匹配提供了依据； 4、从压电陶瓷的本构方程出发，综合力场的弹性动力学方程、几何方程、电场的麦克斯韦方程以及相应的边界条件方程，采用虚位移原理，建立了压电振子动态问题机电耦合场求解的有限元控制方程，为研究其大功率驱动下的非线性本构模型奠定了基础； 5、界定压电振子的动力学特性指标，对压电振子的机电耦合动力学模型参数进行计算及变参数仿真；依据等效电路模型，对压电振子的电学特性进行了仿真分析；通过有限元数值实验，对压电振子工作模态附近的模态振型及工作频率附近的频段进行了激振效果分析，找出了实现模态简并的激振频率；利用有限元控制方程，通过编程计算，对压电振子的力电耦合场参数进行了详细计算，得出了一些有价值的结论。

As showed in Fig.1, the diagrammed stress of short time endurance test forAs showed in Fig.1, the diagrammed stress of short time endurance test for500 hours at 565℃on welded-joint of T91-F12 is 240MPa. Considering the℃on welded-joint of T91-F12 is 240MPa. Considering thedispersity of±20％, stress of check test for 500 hours is 192MPa. The result±20％, stress of check test for 500 hours is 192MPa. The resultof short time endurance test for 500 hours at 565of short time endurance test for 500 hours at 565℃on T91-X20CrMoV121℃on T91-X20CrMoV121welded-joints is showed in Tab.5. The result shows that the short timewelded-joints is showed in Tab.5. The result shows that the short timeendurance stress of weldedendurance stress of welded-joints with two procedures at 565℃for 500 hours-joints with two procedures at 565℃for 500 hoursboth above 192MPa, and meet the requirement.both above 192MPa, and meet the requirement.

依据图1，对T91－F12 焊接接头 565℃温度下的短时持久性能 500 小时考核试验依据图1，对T91－F12 焊接接头 565℃温度下的短时持久性能 500 小时考核试验的图示应力值应为 240MPa，按照持久强度试验数据的±20％的分散度，取 500的图示应力值应为 240MPa，按照持久强度试验数据的±20％的分散度，取 500小时考核试验应力值为 192MPa.T91－X20CrMoV121 焊接接头 565℃、500 小时小时考核试验应力值为 192MPa.T91－X20CrMoV121 焊接接头 565℃、500 小时短时持久考核试验试验结果见表5 ，试验结果表明，两种工艺条件下的焊接接头短时持久考核试验试验结果见表5 ，试验结果表明，两种工艺条件下的焊接接头565℃温度下的短时持久性能，500 小时的持久断裂应力均高于 192MPa，结果符565℃温度下的短时持久性能，500 小时的持久断裂应力均高于 192MPa，结果符合要求。

The article uses multiple regression statistics to analyze the past settlement academic achievement, proposes a calculation method that prorates the high school entrance examination results and the results of class sorting examination organized by the school so as to provide the basis for future calculation of the settlement academic achievement, bring it closer to the real student academic level; makes full use of the historical result data of the tests that students participated, traces and analyzes the experience of our students' growth, gives full play to the advantage of small class management mode in the large classes of our school, guides students to actively summarize their own academic achievement so as to search appropriate learning methods suitable for themselves and help them develop good learning psychology quality; In addition this article uses RANK function to analyze the balance of students' terminative academic achievement, uses Radar Chart, combined with the graphic illustration of the median and hundreds' digit to analyze students' terminative academic achievement, on the one hand to guide students to focus on their overall academic development, on the other hand, to provide students with the basis for choosing arts or science subjects during entering senior two of the high school from senior one; the article provides an easy-to-operate EXCEL template to facilitate teachers to gather the information about the diagnostic academic achievement in usual schoolwork and unit tests, so that forms a timely and precise feedback link, thereby facilitating teachers to master timely the learning conditions of the students, and adjust teaching objectives and teaching strategies based on the practical situation of the students, so as to better complete the teaching tasks.

利用多元回归统计分析以往的安置性学业成绩，提出以中考成绩与学校组织分班考试按比例折算的计算方法，为今后的安置性学业成绩计算提供依据，使其更接近学生真实的学业水平；充分利用学生在校参加各次测试的历史成绩数据，跟踪分析学生的学业成长历程，充分发挥我校大班小班化管理模式优势，指导学生对自我学业成就进行积极归因，寻找适合自己的学习方法，从而帮助学生形成良好的学习心理品质；利用RANK函数分析学生终结性学业成绩的均衡性，利用雷达图，结合中位数和百位数图示化分析学生终结性学业成绩，一方面引导学生关注自身全面的学业发展，另一方面，为学生在高一升高二文理分科时提供选择依据；提供操作简单的EXCEL模板，方便教师收集平时作业或单元测验中的诊断性学业成绩信息，使教学反馈环节及时精细，有利于任课教师及时了解学生的学习状况，根据学生实际情况调整教学目标和教学策略，从而更好地完成教学任务。

The use of multiple regression statistical analysis of past resettlement of academic achievement, proposed to the examination results and school organizational placement tests prorating method of calculation for the future provide the basis for placement of academic computing, bring it closer to the real student academic level; make full use of students in school to participate in the history of the various test results data, follow-up analysis of our students grew up, give full play to our school-based management advantages of large classes in small classes, guiding students in active academic achievement of self-attribution, searching for their own learning methods to help students develop good study of psychological quality; use RANK function analysis of the end of the academic results of students balanced, using radar chart, combined with the median shows the median and the Analysis of 100 students in the end of academic performance, on the one hand to guide students to focus on their overall academic development, and on the other hand, for students in high-rise 2 1 Division of Arts and to provide selected on the basis; to provide easy-to-EXCEL template to enable teachers to gather in peacetime operations or unit tests in the diagnosis of academic information, so that the teaching timely and detailed feedback loops are conducive to Teacher students to keep abreast of the situation, according to the actual situation of students to adjust teaching objectives and teaching strategies in order to better complete the teaching tasks.

利用多元回归统计分析以往的安置性学业成绩，提出以中考成绩与学校组织分班考试按比例折算的计算方法，为今后的安置性学业成绩计算提供依据，使其更接近学生真实的学业水平；充分利用学生在校参加各次测试的历史成绩数据，跟踪分析学生的学业成长历程，充分发挥我校大班小班化管理模式优势，指导学生对自我学业成就进行积极归因，寻找适合自己的学习方法，从而帮助学生形成良好的学习心理品质；利用RANK函数分析学生终结性学业成绩的均衡性，利用雷达图，结合中位数和百位数图示化分析学生终结性学业成绩，一方面引导学生关注自身全面的学业发展，另一方面，为学生在高一升高二文理分科时提供选择依据；提供操作简单的EXCEL模板，方便教师收集平时作业或单元测验中的诊断性学业成绩信息，使教学反馈环节及时精细，有利于任课教师及时了解学生的学习状况，根据学生实际情况调整教学目标和教学策略，从而更好地完成教学任务。

It is necessity to take an impact test for FOPS in laboratory in order to install falling object protective structures at engineering vehicle and check its dependability.

为了对工程车辆的落物保护装置进行可靠性试验提供理论依据，采用冲击动力学的塑性波两侧的动量平衡理论对工程车辆FOPS受冲击时落锤的动态响应进行了研究，建立了锤头变形的基本方程，绘制了方程相应曲线；建立了锤头在冲击过程中任一瞬时变形长度和非变形长度的数学模型，找到了工程应变和冲击速度之间的曲线对于塑性大变形的突变点及影响落锤变形的各个因素和控制变形的依据。

Through the authorized strength of construction organization design, can consider all-sidedly the various specific execution conditions that will build project , foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses land will decide reasonable the programme of construction, determine construction order, construction method and labour organization, reasonably comprehensive arrangement will be under construction surely progress plan; To build the design scheme of project the reasonability on economy, the scientificness on technology with in enforcement the possibility on project expounds and proves offer basis; To build the unit planned and construction enterprise construction working plan and enforcement of authorized strength of capital construction of authorized strength to be under construction prepare to work to plan offer basis; Can will build construction and the design of project;, the construction organization work of technology and all construction arrangements of economy, front and rear and construction enterprise and specific project more combine closely; Can the construction unit and cooperation unit, department and department that directly attends , stage and stage and course - the relation between course coordinate better.

通过施工组织设计的编制，可以全面考虑拟建工程的各种具体施工条件，扬长避短地拟定合理的施工方案，确定施工顺序、施工方法和劳动组织，合理地统筹安排拟定施工进度计划；为拟建工程的设计方案在经济上的合理性，在技术上的科学性和在实施工程上的可能性进行论证提供依据；为建设单位编制基本建设计划和施工企业编制施工工作计划及实施施工准备工作计划提供依据；可以把拟建工程的设计与施工；、技术与经济、前方与后方和施工企业的全部施工安排与具体工程的施工组织工作更紧密地结合起来；可以把直接参加的施工单位与协作单位、部门与部门、阶段与阶段、过程-与过程之间的关系更好地协调起来。

In the meanwhile, the TS characteristics of a scattering particle and their relationship are studied when it is passing through the scattering area, In addition to this, the distribution function of particles' shape is defenited in terms of math's method and a new method is putout of which the distribution of particles' shape is captured in according to the power spectrum and spectral distribution characterist of light scattering and finally, the utility of the perturbation ameliorating method and the effect of the particles' shape is modified, so far, the accuracy of measurement of the particles' size is improved effectively.

对此，本文在以Mie散射理论为原理，依据前向接收器接收的前向散射光信息以获取微粒大小信息的测量基础上，对微粒穿越光敏区时的时域与空域的特征以及相关性开展了研究，从数学上定义了微粒的形体分布函数，提出了一种依据光散射功率潜和频谱分布特征来获取微粒形体分布信息的方法，完善了微扰修正理论的应用性，有效地改善了形体的影响问题，从而可提高微粒粒度分布测量结果的准确性。

Such parameters as the percentage of ordinary reinforcment, amounts and configuration of unbonded prestressed tendons, the ratio of span to depth and the loading patterns were considered. Based on the results, the fomula for the eqivalent length of deformation zone on the beams at ultimate were developed. A simple formula was developed for the ultimate mid-span deflection of concrete beams with concept of equivalent length of deformation zone, and the deformation of beam before internal reinforcement yielding was predicted by the traditional formula for the deformation of partically prestressed concrete beam. Then an analytical model was deduced for analyzing the ultimate stress increment in those concrete beams prestressed with external or internal unbonded tendons based on the mid-span deflection.(4) Testes were carried out on a thin-walled concrete box beam presressed with external CFRP tendons to study its short-term performances under uniform load, long-term behaviors under uniform load, and full-time performance under four-point load in turn.

3以体内非预应力钢筋配筋率、体外预应力筋配筋率、体外预应力筋布置形式、预应力度、跨高比、荷载形式等为参数，用非线性分析程序对体预应力筋混凝土梁进行了参数分析，依据分析结果提出了以综合配筋指标和预应力度为参数的等效变形区长度的计算公式，进而提出了基于等效变形区长度的极限挠度计算公式；体内非预应力钢筋屈服前的挠度计算采用常用的部分预应力混凝土梁挠度计算公式；依据试验和非线性数值计算结果，将不同转向块布置形式的体外预应力混凝土梁简化为跨中一个转向块的体外预应力混凝土梁，推导了基于跨中挠度的体外预应力筋应力增量的简化计算公式。

Such parameters as the percentage of ordinary reinforcment, amounts and configuration of unbonded prestressed tendons, the ratio of span to depth and the loading patterns were considered. Based on the results, the fomula for the eqivalent length of deformation zone on the beams at ultimate were developed. A simple formula was developed for the ultimate mid-span deflection of concrete beams with concept of equivalent length of deformation zone, and the deformation of beam before internal reinforcement yielding was predicted by the traditional formula for the deformation of partically prestressed concrete beam. Then an analytical model was deduced for analyzing the ultimate stress increment in those concrete beams prestressed with external or internal unbonded tendons based on the mid-span deflection.(4) Testes were carried out on a thin-walled concrete box beam presressed with external CFRP tendons to study its short-term performances under uniform load, long-term behaviors under uniform load, and full-time performance under four-point load in turn.

3以体内非预应力钢筋配筋率、体外预应力筋配筋率、体外预应力筋布置形式、预应力度、跨高比、荷载形式等为参数，用非线性分析程序对体预应力筋混凝土梁进行了参数分析，依据分析结果提出了以综合配筋指标和预应力度为参数的等活动房效变形区长度的计算公式，进而提出了基于等效变形区长度的极限挠度计算公式；体内非预应力钢筋屈服前的挠度计算采用常用的部分预应力混凝土梁挠度计算公式；依据试验和非线性数值计算结果，将不同转向块布置形式的体外预应力混凝土梁简化为跨中一个转向块的体外预应力混凝土梁，推导了基于跨中挠度的体外预应力筋应力增量的简化计算公式。

In the experiment of measuring the basic electric charge by using Millikan method,the selection of oil drop should satisfy the principles of which fall time is within 20 minutes and charged amounts of oil drop are less than five.

在密立根法测量基本电荷电量的实验中，油滴选取应满足下降时间在20秒左右，油滴的带电荷数要少于5个的原则，本文在理论上分析了油滴选取原则的依据，给出了在油滴的下落时间和平衡电压的坐标系中等电荷数的多重曲线，为选择合适的油滴提供了理论上的判断依据。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。