使酸化

In most known examples, the affected proteins are enzymes, as in phenylketonuric oligophrenia which affects 1 in 10,000 of the population. It is due to deficiency in the liver cells of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which normally converts phenylalanine to tyrosine, and brain damage apparently results from raised blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylalanine and its metabolites.

在已知的大部分病例中受损的蛋白质是酶，如苯丙酮尿酸精神幼稚病，患者占人口的万分之一，是由于在正常情况下使苯基氨基酸转变为酪氨酸的肝细胞苯基丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏所致，因此血液和脑脊液的苯基丙氨酸和其代谢产物水平升高而引起脑损伤。

Poly with sulfonic acid groups were readily synthesized with biphenol and 1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene in the presence of excess potassium carbonate followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid.

以二氯二苯甲烷和2，6-二甲基苯酚为原料合成了含有阻碍基团的双酚单体，用此双酚单体和1，3-二(4-氟苯甲酰基苯)在无水碳酸钾存在的条件下反应制得聚芳醚酮，然后用氯磺酸磺化，控制反应条件，使磺酸基团恰好进入苯环对位，制得新型结构的磺化聚芳醚酮。

The hydrogenation and methyl esterification of furoic acid over Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalysts was investigated in fixed bed micro-reactor by one-step method.

采用连续流动固定床微反应器，以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料，Pd/γ-Al2O3为催化剂，使糠酸一步加氢甲醋化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯。

The hydrogenation and methyl esterification of furoic acid over Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts was investigated in fixed bed micro-reactor under different conditions such as reaction temperature,pressure,H2 space velocity,space velocity of furoic acid and methol,ratio of H2 and furoic acid and so on.

以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料，采用连续流动固定床微反应器，Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂，使糠酸一步加氢甲酯化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯。

The hydrogenation and methyl esterification of furoic acid over Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts was investigated in fixed bed micro-reactor under different conditions such as reaction temperature,pressure,H2 space velocity,space velocity of furoic acid and methol,ratio of H2 and furoic acid and so on.

以糠酸、甲醇、氢气为原料，采用连续流动固定床微反应器，Pd-Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂，使糠酸一步加氢甲酯化生成α-四氢糠酸甲酯。研究了反应的温度，压力，气、液体流速，进料流量等因素对催化反应的影响。结果表明：在1.5MPa，250℃，氢气空速3300 h-1，液体空速3.0 h-1(氢油比为50)时，糠酸转化率为96.6%，四氢糠酸甲酯的选择性97.2.0%，产率94.0%。催化剂稳定性较好，连续运转280小时后未见活性下降。该反应体系活性高，选择性好，反应压力低，催化剂性能稳定，操作简单，产物易分离

Results The synthesis condition was improved. The method of methane sulfonic acid/DL-methionine was found an ideal substitute of BBr3 for less cost. While using hydrobromic acid, the O-demethylation and hydrolyzation could be combined in one stage.

结果 优化了纳洛酮的合成工艺，甲磺酸／DL-甲硫氨酸法试剂价格低廉，可降低生产成本；而氢溴酸法不但试剂价格更低，还可将去氧甲基化和水解合并为一步反应，使新工艺的总收率提高到59.90%，产品质量符合中国药典。

Accordingly a further feature of the invention is a combined process wherein a dialkyl phenylethylmalonate is made from an alkyl phenylacetate and a dialkyl carbonate by a process comprising adding to a quantity of sodium which is covered with a hydrocarbon solvent boiling above 100°C, at least a chemically equivalent proportion of a lower aliphatic alcohol, subsequently adding an approximately equivalent proportion of a dialkyl carbonate and of an alkyl phenylacetate, heating the mixture to induce reaction and continuously distilling out the alcohol formed from the reaction zone and finally causing the sodio diethyl phenylmalonate so obtained to interact with an ethylating agent, such as ethyl halide, diethyl sulphate of ethyl p-toluene-sulphonate.

因此，本发明的另一个应用是一个组合工艺过程：二烷基苯基乙基丙二酸酯由烷基乙酸苯酯和二烷基碳酸酯得到，具体工艺过程是：向覆盖有沸点超过一百摄氏度的团庆化合物溶剂的金属钠中添加至少化学平衡的低级脂肪族醇，然后加入大约相同当量的二烷基碳酸酯和烷基乙酸苯酯，加热混合物引导反应进行，持续蒸馏把形成的醇类从反应区域移出，最后使获得的二乙基苯基丙二酸酯和乙基化试剂如卤代乙烷，二乙基硫酸酯形成乙基p-甲苯磺酸酯。

In order to minimize the pollution of the environment with waste acids and/or waste acidic salt solution, following measures were taken:(1) Instead of using excess sulfuric acid, sulfonation reaction was carried out in the presence of excess toluene and the water produced during the sulphonation was removed by azeotropic distillation.

在CLT酸生产中，为了使废酸和酸性废盐水对环境的污染减少到最低程度，采取了如下的措施：(1)与使用过量硫酸相反，磺化反应是在过量甲苯的存在下进行，同时用共沸蒸馏方法移出了磺化过程中产生的水。

In this research, liposoluble chlorogenic laurate was synthesized by the acylation with lauroy chloride in the existence of alkali catalyst in non-water phase, and yellowish CGL powders with a yield of 81.24% were obtained under the optimal synthesis conditions determined via single-factor tests and orthogonal experiments, that is, carrying out the acylation at 35℃ for 8h with a n:n: n ratio of 1:1:1.5 and with dimethylformamide as the solvating agent and the thinner.

文中对绿原酸进行了改性，即在碱性催化剂催化的条件下使其与月桂酰氯进行非水相的酯化反应，得到了脂溶性的绿原酸月桂酸酯。经过单因素及正交试验，确定了最佳合成条件为：以N，N-二甲基甲酰胺作为溶解、稀释剂，绿原酸／月桂酰氯／三乙胺的摩尔比为1：1：1.5，温度控制在35℃，反应时间8h。

In this report, half-esterification between these pendent hydroxyl groups of hydroxyl-PU and maleic anhydride could lead to new pendent groups, carboxylic groups. These highly polar carboxylic groups in the side chain of PU could play the role of internal emulsifier. They had self-dissociation ability in the water or were neutralized first by appropriate amount of base. Then, PU bearing carboxylic group could dispersed steadily in the water, named aqueous-based polyurethane dispersion.

在本论文中，利用原来亲油性Hydroxyl PU主链段上悬挂的羟基经由与琥珀酸酐的半酯化(Half-esterification Reaction)反应后，使PU在侧链上悬挂具有强极性的羧酸基，其可作为聚胺酯分子中的内乳化剂，羧酸基能在水相中自身解离产生离子或加入适量碱使之中合，使聚氨酯高分子能够稳定分散於水中，即所谓水性PU分散液(Aqueous-based Polyurethane Dispersion)。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。