使干涉

As a result, if the iridescence is produced by thin-film interference, not only the thickness of lamellar structure must be defined within a certain nanometer, but also the refractive index need to be different between lamellar structure. In other words, the chemical composition, refractive index and thickness of exsolution lamellae need form to trinity, such as labradorite, albite, andradite and orthoamphibole. If the iridescent color is produced by grating-diffraction, the lamellar structure just needs to be arrayed regularly, the spacing of the edges of lamellar structure needs to be regular and narrow, but not necessarily within the range of the wavelength of visible light, such as shell of abalone, pearl and opal.

薄膜干涉式晕彩不仅要求宝石内部结构层的厚度必须在一定的纳米范围内，而且结构层内部的折射率也必须有所差别，也即，当结构层由两相组分出溶而成，其化学成分、折射率和结构层厚度形成三位一体时，符合薄膜干涉式晕彩，如拉长石、钠长石、石榴石和角闪石；而光栅式衍射晕彩则仅要求结构层排列规则，边缘狭窄但不需要窄到可见光波长范围内，能使入射光的振幅或位相，或两者同时产生周期性空间调制的结构即可，如鲍贝壳、珍珠和欧泊。

The first disadvantage of MMI device is wavelength sensitive, which leads to restricted applications. To reduce the wavelength insensitivity in optical network applications, the demand of light source with a specific wavelength is needed, especially for power splitters. For this reason, a wideband criterion for MMI splitter is proposed. The basic principle is based on reducing the interference length difference and making it shorter than the spot size for constructive mode interference. Simulation results show the spectra of proposed MMI splitter is wide enough (1.26-1.61um) to cover the fiber communication band and the size of the splitter is more compact than that of the conventional MMI or Y-branch splitter.

多模干涉元件的第一个缺点为波长敏感，此缺点会限制其在实际上的用途；因元件在网路上的应用时，通常都需要降低波长敏感性，以减低对光源波长准确性的要求；有鉴於此，本论文提出多模干涉分光器的宽频标准；基本原理是建立在缩短其多模干涉区的长度差，并使之小於建设性干涉的光点大小；透过模拟后发现，操作频宽可涵盖光纤通信全波段(1.26-1.61um)，且长度小於Y形分支结构的分光器。

In the last part of this paper, I propose some suggestion which may be helpful to limit the new interventionism, that is make sure that the collective interventions are fair, remain within the limits of a clear mandate of the UN, and do not appear as the tools of certain powers.

在文章的结论部分提出的若干建议或许有助于我们限制新干涉主义：确保集体干涉的公正，使它在一个受限制的且清晰的联合国的授权范围内，并不要让它成为特定权力的工具。

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republic that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation, and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state, as far as sentiments, and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource with can not fail me.

珍惜和平以及同所有有交往意向的国家的友好交往；对交战各国保持真正中立；在任何情况下，优先考虑以友善的讨论和理性来处理异议，而非通过武力来做出决定；排除外国阴谋和外国偏颇，这些对所有国家都造成堕落，对自由国家更为有害；培养一种独立的精神，其之公正不会侵犯他人权利，其之自豪不会丢弃自身权利，其之宽大不使我们自己纵养不值的偏见，其之高尚使我们蔑视他人的这些偏见；把众州的联合保持为众州和平和幸福的基础，拥护作为联邦链结的宪法，不论是其限制或权力；尊重保留给各州和人民的权利，因为它的重要性把它平等地纳入联邦总体的成功之中；避免最轻微的对良知权利和宗教功能的干涉，这些在民事裁判中豁免；代表私人和个人的权利以及媒体自由，以其全部的能量来保留其它相关有益条款；在公共花费中坚持节约；通过偿还公共债务来解放公共资源；在必要的限度下保持一支常备军，时刻要记住武装并训练过的民兵才是共和国的中流砥柱，即是，没有常备军他们的自由从未有危险，而有了一支庞大军队也未必安全，通过授权的手段来发展有益于农业，制造业，对外和对内的商业，以适当的方式支持科学的发展和信息的传播来作为真正自由的最好食粮；执行善意的计划以把我们的土著邻居从，野蛮生活的低贱和不幸中转化到参加入一个文明国家内人的思维，和举止都倾向的改良中--只要如此的思想，和意图能辅助我职责的履行，它们将成为不使我失败的资本。

F the magnifying effect of Moire which consists of grating and laser interferometric fringes, the small displacements of interferometric fringes,which are caused by small angular change,are magnified several thousands times,thus,the sensitivity of measuring system is greatly improved.

其原理是用一个光栅与激光干涉条纹组成莫尔条纹，利用莫尔条纹的放大作用将干涉条纹在微小角变下的微小移动放大几千倍，从而大大提高了测量灵敏度，使测量精度提高到0。

A scheme of microscope polarization interference imaging spectrometer based on a Savart polariscope and its basic principles are introduced,and the relative expression of depth of field of MPIIS is derived with the geometrical-optics method.

提出了一种基于萨伐尔偏光镜双折射晶体进行光谱分光的显微偏振干涉成像光谱仪的创新性原理和方案；从几何光学的角度推导了显微偏振干涉成像光谱仪景深的理论计算公式；给出了景深与光谱分辨力的变化关系，证明了景深的存在使系统光谱分辨力不再唯一确定，而是在一定范围内连续变化；通过计算机模拟分析了景深对系统分辨力的影响。

The paper analyzes the change of the exit light from a circular polarizing filter used inversely according to the interference theory of polarized light, measures the spectral transmittance curves with the combining of circular polarizing filter and linar polarizing filter, and summarizes the photographic performance of the circular polarizing filter used inversely.

将圆偏振镜与线偏振镜组合，并使 1 4波片位于线偏振镜之间，测定出线偏振镜和圆偏振镜相对旋转至不同方位时的分光透过率曲线，探讨了入射光为线偏振光时出射光因偏振光的干涉而相应出现的强度和色度变化，并以此为模型，对圆偏振镜反向使用时的摄影性能进行研究和总结。

The English School's core concept is international society. There are three important factors which each of them has the different effect in the theory of international society: realism, rationalism and revolutionism. These three factors have great functions in analyze the new interventionism, especially the argument between pluralism and solidarism make the tensional relations between order and justice, sovereignty and human right are more clearly.

英国学派的核心概念是国际社会，其中的现实主义、理性主义和革命主义因素在国际社会理论中占有不同的地位，对我们分析新干涉主义有重要的指导作用，特别是革命主义因素中的多元主义与社会连带主义之争使我们更容易理清新干涉主义中秩序与正义、人权与主权以及人道主义干涉之间的紧张关系。

The interference fringe is fitted by hyperbola so perfectly that it is more precise to obtain the feature points of interference figure.

干涉条纹可以用双曲线很好地拟合，使干涉图特征点的提取更为精确。

A dichroic interference filter is interposed between the two prism elements and is disposed at an angle of 221/2 to an input face on the first glass prism element.

将一块二向色干涉滤光片介入两个棱镜中，并使它倾向于第一面棱镜投入面的221 ~222 角之间。干涉滤光片是由含有二氧化硅和二氧化钛的沉积候补层制成的。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。