作曲家

They are extremely valuable to study and refer to, and greatly affective to the posterities. All of the styles were known as Sonatas by the musician, but the styles indicated by the musician himself were Minuet, Fuga, Gavota, Pastoral, Capriccio, Gegue and Toccata. Through posterities analyzing, summing and indicating, and the writer's analyzing and studying, the styles defined evidently are Pavan, Bourree, Ricercare, Sarabande, Allemande and Courante.

就体裁而言，虽然被作曲家统一称为奏鸣曲，但由作曲家自己标明的体裁就包括：小步舞曲、赋格、加沃特舞曲、田园曲、随想曲、吉格舞曲、托卡塔等，经后人分析总结标注及本文作者的分析研究，其中可明显定义的体裁又包括：帕凡舞曲、布雷舞曲、里切尔卡、萨拉班德舞曲、阿勒芒德舞曲、库朗特舞曲等。

Ensemble GRENZENLOS is to bring us a number of music works which premiere in China, including Vortex Temporum by Gérard Grisey, one of the founders of French Spectral Music, Air from Opera by Luciano Berio, a well-known Italian composer, Tetras by Iannis Xenakis, a famous Greek composer of stochastic music, 'Grido' String Quartet by Helmut Lachenmann, a German composer of noise music.

多国组成的无疆界新音乐团为我们带来了许多中国首演的作品，比如法国频谱学派鼻祖格里塞的《旋涡》、意大利著名作曲家贝里奥的《咏叹调》、希腊著名随机作曲家泽纳基斯的《忒塔》和德国噪音作曲家拉亨曼的弦乐四重奏《哭泣》。

The work symphony no.4 of that is the most popular in theBruckners's works, which is choosed by the writer, was made in the middleage of Bruckner's career.

笔者所选取的布鲁克纳这部《第四交响曲》是作曲家一生所创作的音乐中最受欢迎的一部作品，它产生于作曲家创作生涯的中期，但从作曲家一生所创作的十一部交响曲的发展脉络来看。

The thesis means to do some elementary research about the chorus art of this time, and to analyze the artistic creative ideas and styles of the different composers at different stages at that time. They are, especilly, Machaut ( an representational French chorus-composer of the 14th century), and Palestrina an Italia...

这一时期音乐文化发展中合唱艺术的形态及不同的作曲家在不同阶段的创作思想和创作风格都有鲜明的特色，尤其是极具代表性的 1 4世纪法国合唱音乐作曲家马肖和 1 6世纪意大利合唱音乐作曲家帕莱斯特里纳，他们的创作理念和创作环境虽然不同，却都获得了极大的成功

N, and some parts of thiswork become the omen of later works.The thesis has 3 parts: the composer's career, the muiscal age ofwhen he lives, the main character of his symphonies will be given a brief account in the first chapter. The creative stye, character and the specificanalysis of symphony no.4 will be given a brief account, and his musicalcharacter will be expressed from his concrete works in the secondchapter.

文章分三大部份：第一部份概述作曲家的简要生平及所处的音乐时代背景，作曲家音乐的总体特点以及做为其音乐主体的交响曲的特点；第二部份概述《第四交响曲》的创作风格、特点以及对《第四交响曲》的具体分析，从具体的作品中呈现作曲家的音乐特点；第三部份提出问题，即布鲁克纳的音乐为何。。。

Composers from England have not achieved recognition as broad as that earned by their literary counterparts, and, particularly during the 19th century, were overshadowed in international reputation by other European composers; however, many works of earlier composers such as Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, and Henry Purcell are still frequently performed throughout the world today.

作曲家从英格兰还没有取得广泛的认可，赢得了他们的文学同行，和，特别是在19世纪，是在国际声誉蒙上阴影的其他欧洲作曲家的；然而，许多作曲家的作品，如早些时候托马斯塔利斯，威廉伯德，和亨利浦塞尔仍然经常在世界各地演出今天。

Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth clear polyohonic perfection.

大多数作曲家与梵蒂冈和教皇教堂有着直接的联系，虽然他们在不同的教堂工作，在文体上他们与威尼斯乐派的作曲家形成鲜明对比，它比同时代的威尼斯乐派取得了更多的发展，至今最著名的罗马乐派作曲家是Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina，他的名字400年来都与平稳，清澈的完美复调音乐联系在一起。

The object of the research in this dissertation is aimed essentially at the compositions composed in his latter period adopting modern compositional techniques. A comprehensive and thorough analysis is proceeded on the bass of investigation of their pitch organization, formal structure, polyphonic procedures and the characteristic of his orchestration and instrumentation etc., with summing up of his special technique of music idiom and style formed by the imbuing of national specialties with the modern artistries and proceeding more to the consideration on the artistic connotation of his new creations.

本文主要以作曲家后期运用现代音乐技法创作的十部作品为研究对象，从音高组织、曲式结构、复调手法以及乐队作品中的配器特色等方面对它们进行全面而深入地分析，总结归纳出作曲家将民族特色融入现代技法所形成的独特的技术语言与风格特征，进而对作曲家艺术上的创新及其现代音乐创作的美学内涵进行深层次的思考。

The first chapter is a brief introduction of Poulenc's life and works , including the character of the composer, large vocal works, instrumental works and art song. The second chapter is an overall analysis of Poulenc's art songs. It is summed up in five areas around the second chapter of detailed introduction and analysis as well as serious d...更多iscussion. They are about the creative conception of the composer, art song and human voice, art song and poetry, art song and piano. And the last one of the five areas is the total conclusion.

第一章普朗克的生平与创作概况：通过对作曲家生平性格、大型声乐作品、器乐作品、艺术歌曲四个方面对普朗克所涉及的音乐创作领域进行了概述；第二章普朗克艺术歌曲的总体分析：通过作曲家自己的创作观、作曲家艺术歌曲与人声、作曲家艺术歌曲与诗歌、作曲家艺术歌曲与钢琴和对作曲家艺术歌曲的总结共五个方面围绕第二章节进行了详细介绍、仔细分析、认真论述。

The first chapter is a brief introduction of Poulenc's life and works , including the character of the composer, large vocal works, instrumental works and art song. The second chapter is an overall analysis of Poulenc's art songs. It is summed up in five areas around the second chapter of detailed introduction and analysis as well as serious discussion. They are about the creative conception of the composer, art song and human voice, art song and poetry, art song and piano. And the last one of the five areas is the total conclusion. The third chapter is about the case study of Poulenc's classics and the suggestions for singing.

第一章普朗克的生平与创作概况：通过对作曲家生平性格、大型声乐作品、器乐作品、艺术歌曲四个方面对普朗克所涉及的音乐创作领域进行了概述；第二章普朗克艺术歌曲的总体分析：通过作曲家自己的创作观、作曲家艺术歌曲与人声、作曲家艺术歌曲与诗歌、作曲家艺术歌曲与钢琴和对作曲家艺术歌曲的总结共五个方面围绕第二章节进行了详细介绍、仔细分析、认真论述。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。