作为货币

We accept money as a means of payment, as a unit of account and, most importantly in this context, as a store of value.

我们接受货币作为支付手段，作为价值尺度，以及在当前背景下最重要的是，作为价值储藏手段。

It is true that it was employed in commerce as a medium of exchange; but it could be used in this way solely because it was a claim to something that really was money, i.e., to the common medium of exchange; for although neither the Reichsbank nor the Reich nor its separate constituent Kingdoms and Duchies nor anybody else was obliged to cash them, the Reichsbank, acting on behalf of the government, always took pains to ensure that no more thalers were in circulation than were demanded by the public.

确实，它在商业中被使用作为一种交换媒介；但它被使用，仅仅因为它是一种针对真正是货币的某种事物——即通用交换媒介——的债券；既非帝国银行，也不是商国、各联邦王国、公爵领地或任何人被强迫去兑现它们，帝国银行作为政府的代理，竭尽全力确保流通的&元&不超过人民的需求。

Section 10 - States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联，不得对民用船舶颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证，不得铸造货币，不得发行纸币，不得指定金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币，不得通过任何剥夺公民权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律，也不得颁发任何贵族头衔。

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.

第十款 各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联；不得对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证；不得铸造货币；不得发行纸币；不得指定金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币；不得通过任何褫夺公权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律；也不得颁发任何贵族爵位。

No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

一〕任何一州都不得：缔结任何条约，参加任何同盟或邦联；颁发捕获敌船许可状；铸造货币；发行信用券；使用金银币以外的任何物品作为偿还债务的法定货币；通过任何公民权利剥夺法案、追溯既往的法律或损害契约义务的法律；或授予任何贵族爵位。

This, together with the circumstance that thalers were legal tender both to the Bank and to the Reich, was sufficient to turn them in effect into drafts that could always be converted into money, with the result that they circulated at home as perfectly satisfactory substitutes for money.

除此外，加之帝国及其银行都将&元&视为法币，这就足够在效果上将它们转化成总是能够兑换成货币的承兑汇票，结果，它们作为理想的货币代用品，在国内流通。

Starting with the concept of consumer surplus,this paper makes an analysis of the reasons for consumer surplus and the influence of consumer surplus on resource disposition.

以此概念作为理论切入点，通过对消费者剩余产生原因的探讨以及相关理论分析，进而讨论消费者剩余的产生对资源配置的影响，提出市场配置资源方式下的资源损耗由两部分所组成：市场价格机制内的和游离于市场价格机制之外的或者说被货币所衡量出来的和没有被货币所衡量出来的。

Starting with the concept of consumer surplus, this paper makes an analysis of the reasons for consumer surplus and the influence of consumer surplus on resource disposition. Resource damage and spoilage in market disposition resource includes two parts: damage and spoilage of resources inside and outside market price mechanism.

以此概念作为理论切入点，通过对消费者剩余产生原因的探讨以及相关理论分析，进而讨论消费者剩余的产生对资源配置的影响，提出市场配置资源方式下的资源损耗由两部分所组成：市场价格机制内的和游离于市场价格机制之外的或者说被货币所衡量出来的和没有被货币所衡量出来的。

Creditor nations tend to set the rules and the new global monetary system will be unable to operate without the approval of China, a creditor country that has capital controls and a managed currency.

债权国一般能够制定规则。中国作为存在资本控制以及管理货币的债权国，新的全球货币系统若是少了他的支持将无法运作。

Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto 1.事后的(地,追溯的 law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

任何一州都不得：缔结任何条约，参加任何同盟或邦联；颁发捕获敌船许可状；铸造货币；发行纸币；使用金银币以外的任何物品作为偿还债务的货币；通过任何公民权利剥夺法案、追溯既往的法律或损害契约义务的法律；或授予任何贵族爵位。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。