作

A method of preparing o - toluic acid from o - xylene with air as oxidiaing agent, cobalt naphthenate as catalyst by liquid - phase oxidation was introduced.

介绍了采用空气作氧化剂、环烷酸钴作催化剂，由邻二甲苯液相氧化制备邻甲苯甲酸的方法。

The calculated results based on the pressure-dependent spall porosities given by Tonk et al and Cochran et al are consistent but different from the calculated results based on Thomason's stress-dependent spall porosity.

Cochran等给出的依赖于压力的层裂空隙度方程所作的一维层裂试验数值模拟结果基本一致，而与基于P.F。 Thomason给出的依赖于应力的层裂空隙度方程所作的相应数值模拟结果有明显差异。

She did not enter any house till, at the seventh or eighth mile, she descended the steep long hill below which lay the village or townlet of Evershead, where in the morning she had breakfasted with such contrasting expectations.

&不，亲爱的，&那个年老的妇人说。现在作晚祷还早了些；作晚祷的钟声现在还没有敲响呐。人们都到麦仓那边听人讲道去了。

Extraction rate of artemisinin increased obviously with the decrease of dielectric constant of the mixed trichloromethane and dichloromethane, which was opposite to the results of mixed solvent of hexane and cyclohexane.

用正己烷、环己烷以及它们的混合溶剂作溶剂时，青蒿素的提取率随着溶剂的介电常数的增大而增大，而用二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷以及它们的混合溶剂作溶剂时，青蒿素的提取率随溶剂的介电常数的增大而减小。

The method can unbiasedly estimate positions and effects of cytonuclear epistatic QTL as well as simultaneously detect the important epistatic interaction between QTL and inherited cytoplasmic genomes.

该方法既可无偏估计核质互作QTL在核基因组中的位置与效应，又可对有关QTL与细胞质遗传物质间的重要互作效应作出测验和估计。

In this method residual stresses were evaluated using a fracture mechanics approach,that is,the crack opening displacements measured by digital speckle correlation method at a point on the edge of a plate as a rack was introduced and extend from the edge were used to deduce the state of stresses that existed in uncracked plate.

提出一种简便的残余应力检测方法，利用数字相关技术检测裂纹扩展过程中试样表面的变形，应用断裂力学理论计算出残余应力分布。通过梁弯曲对试验结果作了验证并与应变测量结果进行了对比，残余应力的检测结果与理论值标准差为1.28MPa。对淬火和焊接残余应力分别作了检测。实际应用表明所提出检测方法具有准确、高效和使用简便的特点

Need to understand the distinction between the fabricated and unfabricated mind. For

所以我们需要去明白，「有作意」和「无作意」心的分别，例如有人将一条假蛇置於

A uninsulated live parts of different potential; ande uninsulated live parts and non-current-carrying metal parts.

未作绝缘处理的、电压不同的带电部件之间和未作绝缘处理的带电部件和非载流金属部件之间的最小间隔不能低于表3.11.1中所示的宽度。

I take my oath :Don't live up to my parents' hopes ; Don't fall short of my teacher's expectations ; Don't be ungrateful to wisdom granted by God ; Don't disappoint my dream of the youth I promise :I won't shrink back weakly ;I won't hesitate unprofitably ; I will wear an unhurried smile to win the resplendence that belongs to me .

我发誓：不负父母的期盼；不负恩师的厚望，不负天赐的智慧；不负青春的理想；我承诺：不作懦弱的退缩；不作无益的彷徨；我将带着从容的微笑去赢得我志在必得的辉煌。

With the support of a major research grant of Zhejiang Province (No. 001101027) and the Plan of Promoting Education of Excellence of Zhejiang University in the 21st Century, this dissertation is devoted to address the above problems and fabricate an L-band EDFA with low cost, high performance and technological innovation.First the mechanism of an erbium doped fiber amplifier is introduced. Various theoretical models based on classical rate propagation equations are summarized and compared for their applications. We use a modified numerical model based on the Giles model, which agrees with the experimental results well. This serves as the theoretical base for the whole thesis and will be used to optimize the characteristics of EDFAs. A novel method based on a map of noise figure and gain is proposed to analyze efficiently the dependence of the noise figure and gain for EDFAs on the EDF length and the pump power. The characteristics of various EDFAs are studied and compared.Secondly, some important parameters are introduced to describe the characteristics of EDFAs. The methods and the experimental setups for measuring the gain and noise figure of an EDFA are emphasized. We introduce how to measure the characteristics of each component of an EDFA, especially the gain and absorption coefficient of an erbium doped fiber.Thirdly, four types of simple and novel L-band EDFA structures with low noise, high gain and low gain ripple are proposed to satisfy the requirement of a DWDM system. They can be classified into two categories. In the first category, a single ASE pumping is served asa secondary pump. This category includes the following three types. Type: a new construction using a fiber Bragg grating in an unpumped EDF section at the input side. Type: a new structure of L-Band EDFA with two-stage pumps, which utilizes the forward ASE as a second pump.

本论文本着科技创新、服务于生产实践的精神，以设计价格低廉，性能优越、结构合理简单的L-band EDFA为目标，依托浙江省科技厅重大科学基金资助项目(001101027)和浙江大学振兴教育计划资助的全光网络的搭建—《光通信技术》课程实验建设项目，展开了如下工作：首先，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器的工作原理，归纳总结了基于速率方程基础的EDFA的各种理论模型，分析比较了各个模型的特点和适用场合，最终选择完善的Giles理论模型作为本论文分析设计EDFA的理论基础；针对实际实验条件提出了修正的EDFA模型的数值计算方法；创新地提出了增益—噪声系数全局分析法，直观有效地分析了EDFA的增益和噪声系数与掺铒光纤长度和泵浦功率的依赖关系，并对各种EDFA的性能作了全面的比较；第二，介绍了掺铒光纤放大器特性参数的定义与测量方法，重点介绍了噪声系数和增益系数的测量方法及实验装置；介绍了组成掺铒光纤放大器各组件的特性测量方法，重点介绍了测量掺铒光纤参数的方法和实验装置；第三，针对WDM系统对L-band EDFA谱平坦、低噪声、高增益的要求，我们创新地提出了四种不同的L-band EDFA结构，按设计思路可以分为两大类：一类是基于单抽运二级泵浦法，这一类包括在未泵浦掺铒光纤的输入端插入一根布拉格光纤光栅的两段L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于前向ASE光作为二级泵浦源推动下一级EDF工作的泵浦分配、两段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构；基于单根光纤光栅、泵浦分配、两段级联的EDFA；另一类则是基于同时应用前后向C-band ASE作二级泵浦源的双抽运法，如基于前后向ASE光作为二级泵浦源的三段级联L-band的EDFA的新结构。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失