佛教

It's thought that Luxun's understanding to Buddhism should be divided into two stages. On the one hand, he had seen Buddhism as the enthusiasm of a kind of philosophy of life, and was deeply affected by its values and thinking; On the other hand, he had also seen that as the important part of China's traditional culture, utilized by the persons who "eat Buddhism", Buddhism became a tool which anaesthetize and cheat ordinary common people.

本文认为，鲁迅对佛教的认识和理解应当分为两个方面：一方面他看到了佛教作为一种人生观的积极性，并深受其价值观和思维方式的影响；另一方面，他也看到了作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分的佛教，在现代的日益世俗化后，被一批"吃教"的人所利用，成为对普通百姓进行麻醉和欺骗的工具。

Booklist（2004年3月） Providing a comprehensive overview of one of Asia's most important religious and social forces, the Encyclopedia of Buddhism describes the Buddhist world view, basic teachings and practices of Buddhism, as well as its different schools and sects.

佛教百科全书》一书不但根据佛教的教授者和实践者的观点，同时也根据不同学校及宗派的观点，描述了全世界范围内的佛教，为这一在亚洲尤为重要的宗教和社会力量提供了广泛全面的概述。

Buddhism itself, that is, when the Sakyamuni Buddha's preaching, there was no such kind of ceremonies at all. After the Buddha's nirvana, Buddhism spread into China, being already mixed with something of Hinduism, Brahmanism and Zoroastrianism that were prevalent in India at that time. After its spreading into China, Buddhism have its temple built totally as Chinese palace to adapt itself to the time and condition of China, because the Chinese belief itself has this character that, in the mind of Chinese the emperor's authority is topmost.

佛教本身，即原来释迦牟尼佛讲经时，在那个时候根本就没有这些仪轨，而是佛灭度以后，佛教传到中国来，就已经参杂了当时在印度流传的印度教、婆罗门教和拜火教的一些东西，因此传到中国以后，为了适应中国社会的时节因缘，佛教传到中国来后，它所修的寺庙都完全像中国的宫殿，因为中国人信仰本身就是这种特色，而在中国人的思想当中，认为皇帝的威信是最高的。

A key link in the studies of Buddhist doctrine, the cognition of the nature, features and functions of Buddhist discipline is very important to the development of Buddhology.

佛教教义研究中的最关键一环就是对佛教戒律的探索研究，而对其性质特点和宗教作用的认识对于佛教学的发展有着十分重要的意义。

Buddhism's interaction with other world religions and philosophies (e.g., Christianity and Buddhism, Communism and Buddhism, Jainism and Buddhism) is treated.

佛教的互动，与世界其它宗教和哲学(例如，基督教，佛教，共产主义和佛教，耆那教和佛教)，是治疗。

Newar Buddhism is to be classified in the tradition of Indian Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism deriving its lineages from Siddha tradition of Nalanda and Vikramashila monastic universities.

尼瓦佛教被归类为印度佛教的密乘传统或者是坦哒罗佛教的传统，这可追溯至来自古代着名的那烂陀寺与超岩寺等佛教大学的悉达的传承。

S 揘ew Year? s Sacrifice?, this novel embodies 搇ife is all painful? because Sister Xianglin suffers a lot in her life; Juan Sheng in 揗ourn the Dead? leads a life devoid of meaning both before and after the death of Zi Jun, and he can? t escape from his emptiness; Lun Xun conveys his strong emotions and cries out against injustice in his novel 揗edicine? by way of making the ghost? s presence felt;揕oners? reflects inner loneness and pain, and manifests the creed of Buddhaism: Life is death, death is life;揥eeds? and 揅all to the Arms? sighs with feeling for life? s emptiness however, it also stronglyresists life? s emptiness. XuDishandwellson life? s emptiness in his book 揘atural Moutain and Rain?

鲁迅的《祝福》中满篇弥漫着佛教的袅袅轻烟，祥林嫂的遭遇使她受尽了人生的苦难，体现了佛教所宣扬的"人生皆苦"；在《伤逝》中，涓生在子君活着和死后都始终感到人生的空虚，无法摆脱；小说《药》结尾处借用佛教显灵的艺术手法抒发作者的情感，为革命者鸣不平；《孤独者》更是体现了内心的孤独和痛苦，表现了佛教生即死、死即生的轮回观点；《野草》、《呐喊》既感叹人生的虚无，又强烈地反抗虚无。

The primary goal of the project is to contextualize the contents of a number of known Tangut Buddhist texts, which apparently belong to the realm of Chinese Buddhism with regard to the suggested existence of the tradition of the "Northern Buddhism", since Tangut and Liao texts, in both Chinese and Tangut scripts, apparently provide the most sufficient body of evidence for the research of this tradition.

这一研究的主要目标是将一些已知的西夏佛教文献放回其产生环境加以考虑。就其所显示的&北方佛教&传统而言，这些佛教文献可以很确定地归入中国佛教范畴。不管是中文抄本还是西夏文抄本，西夏和辽国的文献都明确提供了在研究这一传统时所需要的最充分依据。

S 揘ew Year? s Sacrifice?, this novel embodies 搇ife is all painful? because Sister Xianglin suffers a lot in her life; Juan Sheng in 揗ourn the Dead? leads a life devoid of meaning both before and after the death of Zi Jun, and he can? t escape from his emptiness; Lun Xun conveys his strong emotions and cries out against injustice in his novel 揗edicine? by way of making the ghost? s presence felt;揕oners? reflects inner loneness and pain, and manifests the creed of Buddhaism: Life is death, death is life;揥eeds? and 揅all to the Arms? sighs with feeling for life? s emptiness however, it also stronglyresists life? s emptiness. XuDishandwellson life? s emptiness in his book 揘atural Moutain and Rain?

鲁迅的《祝福》中满篇弥漫着佛教的袅袅轻烟，祥林嫂的遭遇使她受尽了人生的苦难，体现了佛教所宣扬的&人生皆苦&；在《伤逝》中，涓生在子君活着和死后都始终感到人生的空虚，无法摆脱；小说《药》结尾处借用佛教显灵的艺术手法抒发作者的情感，为革命者鸣不平；《孤独者》更是体现了内心的孤独和痛苦，表现了佛教生即死、死即生的轮回观点；《野草》、《呐喊》既感叹人生的虚无，又强烈地反抗虚无。

This paper falls into four branches: in the first part, the genesis of psychology is reviewed, which is the early philosophical understandings of selfness, and the overall constructs of Buddhist self-view and criticism of egocentrism; in the second part, self understanding of conventional psychology and the "false self view of Buddhism are discussed; in the third part, self understanding of postmodern psychology schools and the "selflessness view" of Buddhism are compared; and in the last part, the "true self of Buddhism is explored.

本文主要分为四个部分，第一部分探讨了心理学的源头，即早期哲学对自我的认识，及佛教对于我的总体认识，和佛教对自我实有观的批判。第二部分探讨了传统心理学对自我的认识及佛教的&假我&之说。第三部分探讨了后现代心理学派对自我的认识，以及佛教的&无我&观。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。