体节

The results showed that the different cut sites had the different RBSN and RQ. The superiority in RBSM occurred in the body segments with heart and clitellum, with head or only without head, the body segment number which remaining above 1/2, while the other groups had fewer RBSN.

切后都保留了心脏、生殖环、脑或只切除了脑，所剩体节数均在实验所用蚯蚓的体节数的1/2以上的蚯蚓体段，再生体节数明显，其它各体段组再生体节数不明显或无。

These observations suggested that FoxD5 dose not take parts in the cyclic pre-pattern of the PSM, but involves in the process of somite formation.

这些结果显示FoxD5并不影响体节之周期性形成，而是藉由调节体节生成之过程而参与在体节之发育。

Chapter Ⅱ Xenopus Tbx6 Mediates Presomatic Mesoderm Cell Adhesion during Somitogenesis As a member of T-box gene family, Tbx6 is involved in somite cell fate decision and endows adhesion properties to mesoderm cells.

第二章 xTbx6在体节发生过程中介导了预定体节中胚层的粘连 xTbx6是T-box转录调控因子家族的成员，xTbx6参与体节细胞命运决定和赋予旁侧中胚层细胞特定的粘连特性。

On the other hand, in spite of the severely distorted axis, the FoxD5-overexpressed embryos displayed neither somite nor muscle defects. Based on these results, we speculate that FoxD5 plays different roles in axis and somite formation. During somitogenesis, FoxD5 functions in the maintenance of the anteroposterior polarity of somites, and in turn plays roles in proper formation of somites.

另一方面，观察过量表现FoxD5的胚胎，发现体节及肌肉发育没有明显异常，但体轴发育则产生严重畸形的性状；根据上述观察结果，推测FoxD5可能在体节及体轴发育上扮演不同角色：在体轴发育时，FoxD5则可能参与於胚胎轴向决定；而在体节中，FoxD5具有维持体节前后极性进而促使体节正常形成之功能。

During somitogenesis, zebrafish FoxD3 is known of maintaining the somitic expression of myf5, and subsequently regulates myogenesis. FoxD5, another gene of the FoxD family, is also expressed in forming somites of the anterior PSM. However, the regulatory function of FoxD5 in somitogenesis is not clear.

虽然已知斑马鱼中FoxD3在体节发育时，能维持myf5在体节的表现并藉此参与於肌肉的发育；但FoxD转录因子家族中的另一员，FoxD5，在体节发育时也会表现在presomitic mesoderm前端生成中的体节处，而这个FoxD转录因子是否在体节发育的过程中扮演调控的角色目前仍不清楚。

During the last three decades, several models have been proposed to explain the formation of somites, including the clock and wavefront model, the reaction-diffusion type model, clock and induction model, clock and trail model etc. Although some of them are satisfactory in the different aspects of somitogenesis, no one can explain the formation and regulation of somites perfectly.

近三十年来，研究者们就体节的发生和发育提出了多种解释模型，这包括时钟波阵面模型，反应扩散模型，时钟诱导模型，时钟痕迹模型等，虽然这些模型能从不同角度不同程度来解释动物体节发生和发育的不同现象，但无一能够解释体节发生和发育的全部。

Flounder FoxD1 mRNA was over expressed in one cell of the two-cell stage zebrafish, MyoD expression in the somites on one side was reduced, but the expression in the adaxial cells was not affected; Myf5 expression in the presomitic mesoderm, adaxial cells and somites on one side was reduced.

在斑马鱼中过量表达FoxD1后，MyoD在一侧体节中的表达受到了严重抑制，而在近轴细胞中的表达未受影响，Myf5在体节前中胚层，近轴细胞，及体节中的表达都受到了抑制。

With the development of embryo, Myf5 expression decreased gradually in somites in the anterior region, but remained strong in the newly formed somites; After 30 somites formed, MyoD expression decreased in the somites except the caudal somites. At the hatching stage, MyoD and Myf5 were expressed in head muscle cells and fin muscle cells. In the growing fish, Myf5 was expressed in the skeletal muscle and intestine, and in adult flounder, Myf5 was only expressed in muscle. In the growing fish and adult fish, MyoD was only expressed in muscle.

在胚胎发育早期，Myf5在近轴中胚层中表达，体节发生过程中，Myf5在体节中表达，MyoD基因最早在分节板的体节前细胞中表达，随后在近轴细胞、体节中表达；随着胚胎的发育，Myf5在成熟体节中表达量降低，在新生体节中表达较强；MyoD自30个体节时期后只在新生的尾部体节中表达，在成熟的体节中表达量降低；在孵化期，MyoD和Myf5在头部及鳍的肌肉、尾部的体节中表达；生长期的牙鲆中，Myf5在骨骼肌和肠中表达，成体牙鲆中，Myf5只在肌肉中表达；生长期的牙鲆及成体牙鲆中，MyoD只在肌肉组织中表达。

To address this issue, we microinjected Morpholino Oligonucleotides, which acts as a specific translational inhibitor, into 1-cell stage zebrafish embyos to knockdown the expression of FoxD5. Results showed that the newly forming somites of the FoxD5-MO-injected embryos were malformed both in the stage when the somitogenesis was completed (24-hpf) and in the stage when the somitogenesis was in progress (14-hpf).

在本篇研究中，为了了解FoxD5在体节生成时的功能，利用专一抑制基因转译之Morpholino Oligonucletides对1-cell时期之斑马鱼胚胎进行显微注射以抑制FoxD5的转译，并在体节发育已完成之24 hpf时、及体节仍在形成之14 hpf (约12-somite stage)时分别观察FoxD5-MO注射个体(FoxD5 morphants)，发现新生成之体节处有产生体节发育畸形的现象。

During embryogenesis,the axial skeleton is formed by a process called somitogenesis, which produces transient segmental tissue known as somites.Disruptions in somitogenesis have been shown to result in vertebral malformations,including segmentation failure and formation failure.

在脊柱发育的胚胎期，形成一种重要的过渡性组织-体节，体节决定中轴骨的形成，已经证明体节发育受影响可导致脊椎畸形，包括脊椎形成障碍和脊椎分节不良。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。