体育教师

The result expressed:(1)the approbation degree of the sports values factor which influenced the university student in order is: personal sport ability, interests in the sport, family environment, p.e teacher ,compeer community, campus culture, society and sports teaching (2)the analysis of diverse returning indicated: interests in the sport, compeer community, campus culture, society and sports teaching, those are the main factor that influences sports values and attain the remarkable level, but the factors of personal sport ability, family environment, p.e teacher didn't attain the notable level.

结果表明：(1)大学生体育价值观影响因素的认同程度依次为：个人运动能力、体育兴趣、家庭环境、体育教师、同辈群体、校园文化、社会和体育教学；(2)多元回归分析表明：体育兴趣、同辈群体、校园文化、社会和体育教学5个因素是影响体育价值观的主要因素且达到显著水平，而个人运动能力、家庭环境和体育教师因素没有达到显著水平。

The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

To achieve this great vitalization, teachers of 21st century shoulder an important task.. At the turning of last century, the Ministry of National Education and the Chief Bureau of National Physical Education praised advanced individuals who had made contributions in the field of hygiene and physical education at schools in the past two decades, and selected 495 outstanding workers all over the country. In 2000, the Ministry of National Education chose 320 outstanding PE teachers at the primary and secondary schools as the national skeleton teachers to attend the National Training Program for the Teachers at Primary and Secondary Schools.

要实现中华民族的伟大复兴，21世纪的教师重任在肩，责无旁贷。1999年，国家教育部和国家体育总局对20年来在学校体育卫生工作领域中做出突出贡献的先进个人进行了表彰，在全国范围内评选出495名"全国学校体育卫生工作先进个人"。2000年，国家教育部又在全国中小学体育教师中选拔出320名优秀体育教师作为国家级骨干教师参加"跨世纪园丁工程中小学骨干教师国家级培训"。

Based on rational ponderation on these predicaments,theoretical exploration is made into follow-up research and proposals are put forward that the research of physical education teachers' specialization should emphasize the research on social background and the psychological actua...

在对这些困境进行理性思考的基础上，对后续的研究思路进行了理论探索，并提出体育教师专业化研究应该更加注重体育教师社会背景、心理驱动机制的研究，认识到博雅教育观、缄默知识对体育教师的重要性，而合作式的专业环境的研究也是后续研究应该关注的。

But programs set, time of course, amount of curriculum, teaching condition, and teaching form are still insufficient.4The reasons why other universities and colleges do not set elective physical education course are mainly due to leaders" consciousness, quantity and quality of physical education teachers, the field and equipment.5The reform and development of elective physical education course in universities and colleges should incarnate the guideline "health first. people oriented". Teaching content should be pertinent, scientific, arranged, and systematic, so as to build up a teaching content system combined theory, skills and abilities. Set programs on base of students" choice, at the same time, give attention to the requirement of social development and students" interest, and make differential treatment according to gender. The classroom teaching should be sportful, joyful, and successful. The organizing of course could be mutual choice, compensating service, both in and out classroom. The score could be graded synthetically assess knowledge, innovation, and effect.6Strengthening the management to elective physical education course, improving teachers" comprehensive quality, making full use of fields and stadiums are all supporting conditions for the development of elective physical education course.

但是开设的项目、开课的时间、教学时数、教学条件、教学组织形式还难以满足学生学习和掌握知识和技能的需要。4、未开设公共体育选修课的高校其主要原因与领导的认识程度、体育教师的数量和质量、体育场地器材等有关。5、高校公共体育选修课的改革发展应体现&健康第一、以人为本&的指导思想：教学内容突出针对性、科学性、层次性、系统性，构建理论、运动技能、能力培养相结合的内容结构体系；运动项目设置以大学生对体育的选择性为基本前提，同时兼顾社会发展的需要和学生兴趣的需要，注重性别差异与因材施教；教学方法力求教懂、教会，体现课堂教学的娱乐性、快乐感和成功的喜悦：教学组织实施双项选择、有偿服务、课内课外相结合等多种形式；学习成绩实施知识+创新+效果的综合考核评价方法。6、加强公共体育选修课动态管理，提高教师综合素质，挖掘现有体育场馆设施的潜力，充分提高利用率是公共体育选修课改革发展的基本保障条件。

This research reveals the content , method and ways of reflective learning with qualitative research methods and semi-structual interview outline in such a background. It also anatomies the factors that have effects on middle school physical education teachers" reflective learning in order to develop and cultivate middle school P·E teachers" ability of reflective learning, and form a set of systematic model of middle school P·E teachers reflective learning, which can improve the quality of middle school physical education and make a beneficial and useful discovery for the growing process of middle school P·E teachers.

本研究就是在这一大背景下利用质性研究方法，应用自编的半结构式访谈提纲，通过对兰州市4名优秀中学体育教师的访谈，揭示体育教师反思性学习的内容、途径与方法，剖析影响中学体育教师反思性学习的因素，以发展培养中学体育教师反思性学习的能力，以形成一套较系统的中学体育教师反思性学习的模式，为提高中学体育教学质量，以及中学体育教师的成长的过程作有益的探索。

These five years saw an increase in graduates from sports colleges,and student disposable employment rate in teaching profession declined.The highest rate of sports majors in secondary and higher schools ranks like follows:Sports Education,Social Physical Cultural and Ethnic Traditional Sports;2.Employing units have unsatisfied evaluation on professional dedication in the process of evaluating morality of gradates from our university;also not satisfied with the fact that these graduates are not strict with themselves and be models for students,indicating that there being needs and room left for strengthening and improving students' ideological quality.3.Employing units' evaluations on knowledge structure of graduates from our college:an unanimous affirm of the solid professional skills,and professional skills should not be neglected but strengthened and it needs improvement and creativity;there is polarization in using computers,so we need to think about how to teach computer courses in future teaching process;units are not very satisfied with graduates' foreign language proficiency,the university should lay emphasis on this.4.Employing units' evaluations on graduates ranging from strong to weak:dissatisfaction on organizing and management ability,conducting teaching and training and solving emergent events,and also on demonstrating and explaining and scientific research,to be specific, gradates' acts and skills are not standard,their explanatiens don't seize the key points, demonstrating and explaining ability of athletic training majors are better than that of other majors,and the overall scientific research ability of our graduates are not high enough to meet the employing units' demands and there is still a gap between them.5.Graduate needs from the grass-roots level unitsThe most welcome sport of the grass-roots level includes football,basketball,track and field and aerobics;basic requirements for middle school in new era PE teachers in include finn professional skills,proficiency of computer and foreign language,profound knowledge of humanities and arts and relevant knowledge comprehensive quality of new era teachers is the guarantee whether quality-oriented education of middle schools can be undergone.

从事教学工作专业由高到低依次为：体育教育、运动训练、社会体育和民族传统体育。2用人单位对我院毕业生道德品质方面的评价的总体评价是较好的，其中对敬业精神的评价存在不满意的现象；严于律己，为人师表方面存在不满意的现象，说明对学生思想素质的培养方面仍有加强和提高的空间与必要。3用人单位对我院毕业生知识结构的评价为：毕业生的专业基础掌握比较好，得到了用人单位的一致肯定，学院对毕业生专业基础知识的教育不能掉以轻心，需再接再厉，不断创新；计算机的学习上出现了两级分化，所以在今后的教学过程中，对计算机知识这门课如何开展是我们需要解决的实际问题；外语知识的掌握满意度不是很高，需要学校方面引起一定重视。4用人单位对我院毕业生能力的评价：对组织管理能力，指导教学与训练能力和突发事件处理能力比较满意，然而在示范与讲解能力和科研能力上存在着不满意的现象，主要表现在动作技能不规范，讲解抓不住关键要素，通过调查显示往往运动训练专业毕业的学生在示范讲解这方面要好于其他专业，科研能力整体评价不算很高，与用人单位的需求存在一定的差距。5基层对毕业生的需求对专项的需求足球、篮球、田径、健美操是基层中学较受欢迎的项目；新世纪具备综合素质的教师受到用人单位欢迎，这是素质教育能否有效开展的保证，也是体育教师开展体育创新教学工作的基础。

This thesis investigates and analyzes ten colleges in Shandong Province randomly with the aids of some ways, such as documentary studying, questionnaire and statistics. The conclusion was drawn as following. Some teaching staffs can not definitely understanding teaching instruction. The students can not understand track and field education correctly. The track and field is seriously affected by the traditional teaching mode. The value outlooks change due to the effect of social surroundings. Teachers'teaching methods and practical education fall behind far more.The assessing system is misconducted. It is affected by the policy of students'enrichment in the colleges.

本文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法，对山东省随机抽查的10所普通高校的体育课程田径教学进行了调查与分析，得到以下结论：部分体育工作者对教学指导思想理解不明确；学生在认识上有偏差；传统的教学模式与方法制约田径课的教学；受社会环境影响，价值取向发生改变；教师思维闭塞，实践教学滞后；教师在教学思想上有顾虑；教学考核形式单一，隐性评价空缺；场地、器材对选修项目的影响；体育教师的业务能力对选修项目有影响；高校扩招对体育选项课的影响。

Through a questionnaire to 112 young PE teachers under 40 in some collegers and universities in hunan province on their professional mobile desire,it has found that PE teachers' degree of satisfaction with their jobs and their professional stability are obviously superior to those of other specialty teachers.But PE teachers' professional behavior is troubled with such factors as their working conditions,social status and the limitations to choosing jobs,which influence their attitude towards their jobs.

通过对湖南9所高校112名40岁以下的青年体育教师职业流动意愿的问卷调查研究发现，高校青年教师较其它专业教师，在职业满意度、职业稳定性等方面明显高于对照组，但高校体育教师的职业行为也较多地受到职业条件、职业社会地位、职业专业选择宽度等因素困扰，这是影响其&敬业心态&的主要原因。

The elementary and middle schools gym instructor continuing education also is different with the school record education, it is for the purpose of to the elem-eutany and middle schools gym instructor carrying on"is nutnitiens""refuels""the change", improves teacher s thought politics quality, after the service quality and the education teaching ability one kind of duty educates, the goal lies in constructs a quality to be high, the poundation of basic skills is thick, the ability strong 21st century elem...

为此，本研究拟从点到面，通过深入调查分析，从作为职后教育的培训对象的体育教师怎样认识职后教育，实现体育可持续发展战略目标，提出佳木斯市初中体育教师职后教育的新思路、探索新构想、新途径、新举措，为尽快提高初中体育教师职后教育质量，提高在职中学体育教师的综合素质做出贡献。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。