体育

Chapter 1 generally describes domestic and foreign situation of the sports industry. Chapter 2 studies the background and significance of China's Sports Derivatives Industry, and its relations between 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the development of sports derivatives. Chapter 3, from the viewpoint of commercialization of sports development strategy, mainly analyzes the current situation and problems in the sports lottery industry and proposes the idea of " state lottery by state" and the establishment of a new operating system of sports lottery to raise the creditability and sportsmanship of sports lotteries, and the sports media industry should develop in the direction of the commercialization and the market and a competition mechanism and the mode of operation of business should be introduced into the media. Chapter 4 explains the status of the Sporting Goods Industry, analyzes the impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on the industry and explores the Sporting Goods Industry Development Strategy. Chapter 5 analyzes the current situation of China's sports brokage, studies the four major sports effect from the viewpoint of economics and proposes development strategies of China's sports brokage.

第1章对体育衍生产业的国内外情况加以综述；第2章研究我国体育衍生产业的背景与意义以及北京2008奥运会与体育衍生产业的发展关系；第3章从商品化的竞技体育发展战略切入，主要分析了体育博彩业与媒体业的现状与问题，提出体育彩票业应根据"国家的彩票国家办"的思想，建立新的彩票经营体制—国有彩票公司来经营体育彩票，加强体育彩票的体育性和提高其信誉度，体育媒体业应朝商业化与市场化方向发展，建议媒体应引入竞争机制和采用商业化的经营模式；第4章阐释了体育用品业现状问题，分析了北京2008奥运会对体育用品业的影响，探讨体育用品业的发展战略；第5章分析我国体育经纪业的现状与问题，从经济学的角度分析了体育经纪业的四大效应，提出体育经纪业的发展战略。

The author mainly presents his ideas in this thesis from the following aspects: To perfect Chinese sports law, China should have its own sports arbitration system so that the law could catch up with the development of Chinese sports and international sports as well; Sports arbitration should aim at fairness and effectiveness; The popularity of sports arbitration institutions and the lawfulness of arbitration procedures and verdict effect make sports arbitration quasi-judicial; As long as sports arbitration is listed in the regulations of sports organizations, it could be applied for its compulsiveness; Sports arbitration is supposed to address the disputes caused by the disciplinary punishment, and that caused by the such major problems like the registration, circulation, and qualifications of the sportsman, and disputes caused by the contracts in sports activities; Mediation procedure and immediate arbitration procedure should be given special attention in the establishment of arbitration procedures; Sports arbitrators should be neutral in solving disputes, and should be a qualified sports worker.

本文认为，为完善中国体育法制建设，适应中国竞技体育发展的实际需求并与国际惯例接轨，中国应尽快设立体育仲裁制度；体育仲裁的价值目标应该是公正和效益；体育仲裁机构的民间性及仲裁程序和裁决效力的司法性，使得体育仲裁的性质具有准司法性；体育仲裁具有强制性的特征，只要体育组织的章程中有体育仲裁的规定，即可申请体育仲裁；体育仲裁的范围应限于竞技体育领域中因体育组织的纪律处罚所引起的纠纷，因运动员注册、流动、转会以及参赛资格等体育专业问题所引起的纠纷，因竞技体育活动中的合同关系所引起的纠纷。体育仲裁的程序建构要突出调解程序和快速仲裁程序；体育仲裁员必须确保中立并且其素质群中还应具备体育知识的素质。

The author mainly presents his ideas in this thesis from the following aspects: To perfect Chinese sports law, China should have its own sports arbitration system so that the law could catch up with the development of Chinese sports and international sports as well; The popularity of Sports arbitration institutions and the lawfulness of arbitration procedures and verdict effect make sports arbitration quasi-judicial; As long as sports arbitration is listed in the regulations of sports organizations, it could be applied for its compulsiveness; sports arbitration is supposed to address the disputes caused by the such major problems like the registration, circulation, and qualifications of the sportsman, and disputes caused by the contracts in sports activities; Mediation procedure and immediate arbitration procedure should be given special attention in the establishment of arbitration procedures; Sports arbitration should be neutral in solving disputes, and should be a qualified sports worker.

本文认为，为完善中国体育法制建设，适应中国竞技体育发展的实际需求并与国际惯例接轨，中国应尽快设立体育仲裁制度：体育仲裁机构的民间性以及仲裁程序和裁决效力的司法性，使得体育仲裁的性质具有准司法性；体育仲裁机构应具有民间性特征，体育仲裁员必须确保中立并具有体育知识素质；体育仲裁具有强制性的特征，只要体育组织的章程或规则中有体育仲裁的规定，即可申请体育仲裁；体育仲裁的范围应限于竞技体育领域中因体育组织的纪律处罚所引起的纠纷，因运动员注册、转会、流动以及参赛资格等体育专业问题所引起的纠纷，因竞技体育活动中的合同关系引起的纠纷等；体育仲裁的程序建构要突出调解程序和快速仲裁程序；体育仲裁也应具有类似于国际商事仲裁的"一裁终局"的效力；由于自身的缺陷，法院可以对体育仲裁裁决予以适当的司法审查，给当事人一个程序化的救济权利的机制。

The author put forward the following opinions: civilian sport refers to non-official sports activities de-veloped among the masses; it is not provided with the characteristic of being passed on and continued generation by generation, can occur in a certain period, and disappear in a certain period; folk sport refers to sports activities closely related to civilian customs, mainly existing in civilian celebrative activities, religious activities and ritual ac-tivities; it is a form of sports culture passed on and continued generation by generation, provided with the character-istics of collectivity, inheritability and mode; national sport is divided into general type and special type; general na-tional sport refers to a special culture that once historically reflected and carried common psychological capacity and culture of a nation and is enjoyed by that nation; Chinese national sport, ancient Grecian sport and ancient Egyptian sport are specific forms of presentation of national sport; special national sport refers to a sports cultural form that is exclusively owned by a nation in modern time, reflects and carries common psychological capacity and culture of that nation, and is created and enjoyed by that nation; traditional sport refers to a stable sports culture that is historically inherited and gradually formed by a nation in practical activities in a long history, embodied in all as-pects of sports cultural activities and passed on generation by generation.

摘 要：民间体育是指非官方的在民众中开展的体育活动，它不具有世代相传和延续的特点，可以在某一时期出现，又可能在某一时期消失；民俗体育是指那些与民间风俗习惯关系密切，主要存在于民间节庆活动、宗教活动、祭祀活动中，是一种世代传承和延续的体育文化形态，具有集体性、传承性和模式性特点；民族体育有广义和狭义之分，广义民族体育指曾在历史上反映和承载着一个民族共同心理素质、共同文化，为该民族享用的一种特殊文化，中华民族体育、古希腊体育、古埃及体育都是民族体育的具体表现形式，狭义民族体育是指近现代一个民族所独有的，反映并承载该民族共同心理素质、共同文化并为该民族所创造和享用的一种体育文化形态；传统体育是指由历史沿袭下来，是民族在漫长的历史实践活动中积累而成的稳定的体育文化，体现在健身、养生、娱乐思维方式、行为方式等体育文化活动的各个方面，并通过社会心理结构及其它物化媒介(如棋盘、武术器械、文献典籍等)得以世代相传。

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The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

This paper mainly adopted literature data, questionnaire and interview and logic analysis methods, and used the theory of urban development, sports management theory, theory of mass sports, community sports theory, and other theories. By grasping the basic characteristics of China's social modernization process and analyzing the status of community sports conduction and management and the presence of a series of problems in the new-type city - Jiujiang, we found the main factors affecting urban Community Sports Management in Jiujiang City and opportunities for the urban community sports management binged by the implementation of the "3 +1" strategy, and Consequently, explored the model adapting to community sports management and development in Jiujiang the new-type city under a "3 +1" strategy. That is the light of these constraints and opportunities analysis concluded: As China's economic reform and social reform of the management system of deep,single Administrative Management Mode-omnipotent authority are depleting,at the same time,Jiujiang City "3 +1" to the implementation of the strategy has brought city and the residents change.Sports needs of the residents of the community which continuously enhance the connotation of sports management on the basis of qualitative change rapidly rich,variable-totalitarian government administration for the government-led management.

本论文主要采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法及逻辑分析等方法，运用城市发展理论、体育管理理论、群众体育理论、社区体育理论等多种理论，把握我国社会现代化过程的基本特征，通过分析新型城市--九江市城市社区体育开展现况及社区体育管理现状和存在的系列问题，找到了影响九江市城市社区体育管理的主要因素（管理体制的不合理；缺乏有针对性的政策法规；管理系统（服务管理系统、场地设施管理系统、体育人才管理系统、体育经费管理系统等）不够健全和完善；管理者思想和管理观念落后及被管理者素质不高等5个方面）及在实行&3+1&战略后给城市社区体育管理带来的机遇（&3+1&战略的实施为九江城市社区体育管理奠定了坚实的经济基础和发展的动力；&3+1&战略的实施为九江城市社区体育管理提供了广阔的市场和空间；实行&3+1&战略为社区体育管理带来了居民体育意识的转变等3个方面）等问题的研究，从而探索出&3+1&战略下适合九江市新型城市社区体育管理发展的模式，即针对以上制约因素和机遇的分析得出结论：随着我国经济体制改革和社会管理体制改革的深人，单一的行政全能主义管理模式的权威性日趋枯竭，与此同时，九江市&3+1&战略实施以来，给城市及居民带来了巨变，居民对体育需求度的不断增强，致使社区体育管理的内涵在质变的基础上迅速丰富化，变政府行政全能主义为政府主导型管理。

Sports Show 2008 体育表演会The 3rd graders of SDPS performed "Fan Dance" in a parade at the 2008 Sports Show.

修德国小三年级同学於2008体育表演会进场时演出扇子舞。

Value is that human being exercises the what be run after basic target, the value having no equal to fetches various activities carried out by people face, many ways need living and developing since sports is able to satisfy human society, What it displays is that the sports small side door teleonomy and organic agreeing well with regularity ask ask us for help on kind basis combining with being real in the demand.

在体育的领域里，有着大量的价值问题，从价值构成方面看，有体育的价值认识问题、体育的价值评价问题、体育的价值观念问题、体育的代价问题、体育与人的价值实现问题和体育的价值创造问题等等；从价值的类别看，则有体育的文化价值、体育的政治价值、体育的经济价值和体育的精神价值等等；而从体育的构成看，还有运动健身的价值，体育教育的价值及竞技体育的价值等等问题。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。