低级的

For the enlightenment of those who are not so intimately acquainted with the minutiae of the municipal abattoir as this morbidminded esthete and embryo philosopher who for all his overweening bumptiousness in things scientific can scarcely distinguish an acid from an alkali prides himself on being, it should perhaps be stated that staggering bob in the vile parlance of our lower class licensed victuallers signifies the cookable and eatable flesh of a calf newly dropped from its mother.

为了启发那些对市立屠宰场的细节没他那么熟悉的人们，也许应该在此说明一下：我们那些拥有卖酒执照的低级饮食店的俚语小牛崽肉，指的就是打着趔趄的牛崽子[280]那可供烹调食用的肉。

For the enlightenment of those who are not so intimately acquainted with the minutiae of the municipal abattoir as this morbidminded esthete and embryo philosopher who for all his overweening bumptiousness in things scientific can scarcely distinguish an acid from an alkali prides himself on being, it should perhaps be stated that staggering bob in the vile parlance of our lowerclass licensed victuallers signifies the cookable and eatable flesh of a calf newly dropped from its mother.

为了启发那些对市立屠宰场的细节没他那么熟悉的人们，也许应该在此说明一下：我们那些拥有卖酒执照的低级饮食店的俚语小牛崽肉，指的就是打着趔趄的牛崽子那可供烹调食用的肉。

Lower-level fraud, however, is much harder to detect: the data point invented or erased to make a graph look better, or to make a result that was not quite statistically significant into that scientific desideratum, the "minimum publishable unit"; the results "mined" retrospectively for interesting correlations, rather than used to test pre-existing hypotheses; the photograph that has been "enhanced" to bring out what the researcher regards as the salient features.

不过，更难被发现的是低级造假：生造或抹掉一个数据点来美化图表；或者让原本统计学意义并不显著的结果摇身一变，竟成了科学上需要的东西，即"最小出版单位"（也就是说文章所提供的数据量刚好够上发表条件，说的其实就是宁要数量，不要质量）；把既往研究的结果"开采出来"，是为了寻找有意义的关联，而不是用来检验已有的假设；对图片进行"深加工"以表现出研究人员心目中的显著特征。

It has the poorest millionaires, the little great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, and the dolefulness pleasures of any town I ever saw.

在这座城市里有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的，最低级龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐，比我所见到的任何城市都有过之而无不及。

It has the poorest millionaires , the little great men , the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties , the lowest skyscrapers , and the dolefulness pleasures of any town I ever saw.

在这座城市里有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美女，最低级龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐，比我所见到的任何城市都有过之而无不及。

Taking the symbolic evolution of the fish pattern as the foundation, this article expounds the evolutional course of the model of the fish emblazonment from the originally natural form to the abstract form and the evolution from the originally emblematic meaning to decorative meaning, which mark the gradual progress of the way of thought in the traditional design from the elementary stage to the advanced stage.

本文以鱼形纹饰的象征性流变为理论基础，论述了鱼纹的造型从最初的象征意义到现代的装饰意义的流变，在此流变过程中体现了传统设计思维方式从低级阶段向高级阶段发展的渐进过程。

With the diminishing marginal utility, the point of tangency may run to the area far to the central city. Through the statistics and analysis, we find out that there are several characteristics in the central city tourism market:(1) The city tourists tour at weekends and gold weeks, and they want to buy such tourism products as """" safe, convenience, short range and cheap"""".(2) They tour by car or by themselves not go with tour team,(3) and stay out for zero to two nights.(4) There have more female than male tourists.(5) They like to select scene or leisure spots, but holiday tourism becomes more and more ppopular.(6)The segment markets of silver hairs, teachers and students have great perchasing power.

本文重点对中心城市居民出游市场进行了统计分析，通过分析发现中心城市出游市场总体表现出以下特点：(1)城市居民外出旅游时间除黄金周以外，主要集中在周末，其时间约束型的旅游产品需求以"安、近、短、廉"为特征的旅游产品为主；(2)出游方式以自驾车和自主安排为主，团队游客的比例在逐步下降；(3)出游逗留时间以在外逗留0—2夜为主；(4)城市居民出游人群中女性比例高于男性；(5)出游目的以近距离观光、休闲为主，但度假市场正在蓬勃发展，现在中心城市周边新兴的"农家乐"就是度假旅游的雏形和低级形式；(6)中心城市银发市场和教师、学生市场是两个原来被忽视却孕育着巨大潜力的细分市场。

The research results lend support to Ullmann's hypothesis that synaesthetic metaphors are not arbitrary, but tend to mount from the lower to the higher reaches of the sensorium, or from the less differentiated sensations to the more differentiated ones. This"upward"tendency of synaesthetic transfer can be accounted for by the general tendency of metaphorical transfer indicated by Lakoff and Johnson, that is, in a metaphorical transfer, it's more likely for a less complicated concept to be mapped onto a more complicated one, but not vice versa.

研究结果支持Ullmann所提出的假设，即多数通感隐喻遵循从低级感官向高级感官迁移的规律，这与Lakoff和Johnson的隐喻理论所提出的隐喻的普遍映射方向(从简单认知域到复杂认知域)是一致的。

For giving an explaintion of strong transmogrification but feebleness metamorphism of and their corresponding relation of the Triassic stratum in Songpan-Ganzi area and opening out the temperature and stress condition, this paper summarized study production of predecessors, and put forward 5 conclusions about Songpan-Ganzi area Triassic main lithology(slate, sandrock,and blastopsammitic) through field geological investigation , actual measurement section plane study and combining indoor slice identification , electron probing and fluid enclosure testing analysis:1.Field outcrop strongly transmogrification, and often developed same cleavages(S1) erection or approximately erection 'B'fold and symmetry similituded fold. 2.The metamorphosed mineral combination is simple, and the typical metamorphosed mineral combination is Al+Chl+Ser+Cc+Q, etc. The metamorphosed mineral develops mainly along the cleavages of the territorial cleavages faces(S1), bearing territorial dynamic metamorphism character and belonging to the lawsonite-albite-chlorite face of slightly metamorphism. 3.Territorial metamorphism P-T change focus on T:180～200oC, P:1～2kbar

为了对松潘-甘孜地区三叠系强变形浅变质的特征及变质与变形的对应关系作出解释，揭示变质与变形的温-压条件，本论文总结前人研究成果，通过野外地质调查和实测剖面研究，结合室内薄片鉴定、电子探针和流体包裹体测试分析，对松潘-甘孜地区三叠系主体岩性(板岩、砂板岩、变质砂岩及千枚岩)的变质作用得出5 个认识结论：1、整个松潘-甘孜地区经受了自北向南的强大挤压；2、变质矿物组合简单，除雏晶黑云母外，典型的变质矿物组合为Al+Chl+Ser+Cc+Q等，变质矿物主要沿区域性劈理面(S1)的劈理域发育，具有区域动力变质作用特征，属于低级变质作用中的硬柱石-钠长石-绿泥石相；3、区域变质作用P-T 变化集中在T：180～200oC，P：1～2kbar

The main tectonic features of the four stages mentioned above can be summarized as follows, gneissic basement and greenstone belt in the Archean, formation and rifting of ancient continental crust in the Transition, creation and disposal of the first supercontinent Columbia in the Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic, and the assembly and disassembly of the supercontinent Rodinea under plate tectonic framework in Neoproterozoic.

这四大阶段的主要构造面貌分别是：片麻岩基底和绿岩带盆地，古陆壳的形成与裂解，第一个超级大陆即哥伦比亚超大陆的形成与离散，板块构造体制下罗迪尼亚超大陆的汇聚与离散，反映了大陆岩石圈的形成和由低级向高级的演化，因而每一阶段都有不同于前一阶段的沉积建造、火成岩类型及组合、变质作用、构造样式、构造线方向、变形方式和成矿作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。