佃农

The tenures created during this era of universal infeudation were as various as the conditions which the tenants made with their new chiefs or were forced to accept from them.

在这普遍分封土地的时代中创设的各种租地条件、因佃农和新地主拟定的条件或因佃农被迫接受地主条件的不同而各异。

A person who works land in return for a share of the yield a sharecropper .

分益佃农耕种土地以换取收益分成的人；收益分成的佃农来源：词友

Cropper:a person who works land in return for a share of the yield; a sharecropper.

分益佃农：耕种土地以换取收益分成的人；收益分成的佃农。

The requirements of Medieval England tenants' resistances concerned about the status of tenants, rents, tallage and so on, all those related to tenants' self rights. In this sense, the history of tenants' resistance was a history of the development of tenants' rights.

中世纪英格兰佃农抗争的要求涉及佃农的身份、地租捐税等方面，这都关系到佃农的自身权利，因此，一定意义上讲，佃农抗争的历史就是佃农权利成长的历史。

There are four characters that can be found in this process. Firstly, it is a struggle within the political system. In other words, tenants admit the hierarchical rights of ruling class, but reject excess exploit. Secondly, the resistance has various ways, and law is a frequent resort too. Thirdly, collective resistance comes to be the most common form, wealthy peasants always act as organizers and leaders. Fourthly, tenants' resistance processes exhibits obvious different theme of demands in all phrases. Before mid and latter of 14 century, most requirements aim to reject duty beyond custom; while after, mainly to strive for cutting down the rents and tallage.

再次，文章分析了英格兰佃农抗争的四个特点，一是体制内的抗争，即佃农接受统治阶级的等级权利，反抗过度剥削；二是抗争方式多法并举，以法律手段为主；三是集体抗争逐渐成为抗争的主要组织形式，富裕佃农是抗争活动的组织者和领导者；四是抗争历程有着鲜明的时代主题，即以14世纪中后期为界，之前以抵抗领主超出惯例规定的要求为主，之后以争取减免地租捐税为主。

The rich civilian class had not the right to take tenant farmers as their subordination. They can only use the tenant farmers' labor by the power of wealth and form of contract.

富民作为"民"无权将佃农沦为自己的依附民，而只能依靠财富的力量，以契约形式利用佃农的劳动力。

The legal status or condition of a villein.

佃农的身份佃农的法律地位或状态

The legal tenure by which a villein held land.

佃农对土地的使用权佃农拥有土地的法律使用权

"Protesting outdated laws Based on semifeudal leaseholding practices of the early Dutch estate owners, the leaseholders of Albany county in 1839 refused to pay Back rent."

佃农反对这种过时的以半封建制度为基础的承租法律，这种承租制度是由早期的荷兰土地拥有者订定的。1839年奥尔班尼县佃农起义反对该制度并拒绝纳租

Under the PLL system, cottiers secured stable land use right and hence the guarantee of their interests, which pushed the development of feudal economy.

永佃制下永佃权的出现使佃农获得稳定的使用土地的权利，佃农的利益有了较多保障，对封建经济的发展起到相当大的推动作用。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。