估计

S data, and get the parameter estimate of ARMA noise by Hannan-Rissanen s linear procedure, then the estimate is of strong consistency and is of asymptotic normal efficiency for Gaussian series.

若用所计算得到的回归残差作为数据，采用Hannan-Rissanen的线性估计法求ARMA噪声的参数估计，则本文证明了估计是强相容的，且对正态序列，估计具有渐近正态优效性。

In chapter 1, regression models with censored data, LSE for censored regression models and LAD estimation for models with fixed censoring point are introduced. Then, we state our main results for LAD estimator of nonlinear regression models with randomly censored data, including consistency, boundedness in probability and asymptotic normality. The proofs of our main theorems are given in detail. In chapter 2, we state the main difficulty of obtaining numerical solution for censored LAD estimation, and recall the history of studies on this problem including some anterior algorithms.

在第一章，首先介绍删失线性回归模型的基本概念和性质，并对已有的估计方法，如最小二乘估计、固定点删失的最小一乘估计等做了简单的回顾；然后，把固定点删失线性回归模型的最小一乘估计方法推广到了随机删失、非线性模型的情形，并得到了估计量的一些渐近性质，如相合性、渐近正态性等；最后，给出主要结果的详细证明过程。

The measurement system error model analysis is introduced into power system real time network state analysis as an important part for the first time, which can improve on the state estimation quality and provide the capability to monitor the operation of the measurement system; 2. The theory and algorithm of the on-line estimation and update of measurement noise variance based on the relation between the residual variance and noise variance. The statistic properties of the sample variance are discussed and the relation between the estimation precision and sample size under given confidence level is derived; 3. The theory and algorithm of detection and identification of measurement bias are presented, which is based on the relation between residual mean and noise mean. The statistic properties of sample mean are discussed and the relation between estimation precision and sample size is derived; 4. The Givens orthogonal transformation algorithm is selected to be the essential algorithm of state estimation, the fast orthogonal transformation algorithm with damp factor and the algorithm which can handle the zero injection measurements efficiently are presented; 5. The quantity analysis theory of bad data detectivity and identifibility are presented, which describes the relation between the elements in matrix W〓 and bad data amplitude and can provide the theory base for measurement system design and valuation.

一、首次将量测系统误差模型分析做为一个环节引入电力系统实时网络状态分析中，为EMS系统增加了实时监视系统运行、修正量测系统误差模型的新功能，进一步发挥了实时网络状态分析应用软件的潜力；二、首次提出了应用样本方差在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的基本理论，讨论了样本方差的统计性质和概率分布，推导出了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的关系，给出了在线估计与修正量测系统误差方差的算法；三、首次提出了应用样本均值在线检测与辨识量测偏差的基本理论，讨论了样本均值的统计性质，推导了样本容量、估计精度和置信度之间的基本关系，给出了在线检测与辨识量测偏差的算法；四、在状态估计算法设计中，以Givens变换算法做为基本算法，提出了快速正交变换阻尼因子法和可以有效地处理零注入量测的混合法，并对实时应用中的一些问题进行了讨论；五、提出了不良数据可检测性与可辨识性的定量分析理论，揭示了描述量测系统配置、网络结构与参数的残差灵敏度矩阵中的元素与不良数据的幅值在可检测、可辨识能力上的定量关系，为量测系统配置设计与评价提供了理论基础；六、综合国内外最新研究成果，采用自适应自回归预测技术和稀疏矢量技术，构造了较完善的不良数据检测与辨识算法。

In logic level, the application of the binary decision diagrams, Markov Chain and boolean difference in power estimation is introduced first, the strategy about how to make a balance between estimation accuracy and estimation velocity is introduced secondly, after that, the new problems emerged in the power estimation of the sequential circuit and the resolution is given out, the power estimation method based on the logic simulation is introduced at last.

在逻辑级功耗估计方法中，首先介绍了二叉判决图、马尔可夫链、布尔差分在功耗估计中的使用，其次研究了功耗估计速度和精度之间进行折衷的方法，然后介绍了时序电路功耗估计中出现的问题以及解决方法，最后介绍了基于逻辑模拟的功耗估计方法。

Secondly, according to the spectral correlation theory of second order cyclostationary processes, maximumlikelihood filters are used to estimate the cyclic spectra. By estimating the crossspectra of the two frequency shifted versions of cyclostationary signal, the cyclic spectra can be obtained. The analysis effective bandwidth of maximumlikelihood filters is studied in details. In case of cross-spectra estimation, the analysis effective bandwidth of maximum-likelihood filters is not correct. A new method to calculate the analysis effective bandwidth is presented.

第二，根据二阶周期平稳随机信号的谱相关理论，提出了循环谱密度估计的最大似然滤波器法，即采用最大似然滤波器估计出周期平稳信号的两个频移分量之间的互谱密度，从而得到了循环谱密度的估计；对最大似然滤波器的有效分析带宽做了详细的分析，指出了在互谱密度估计时以往的有效分析带宽不正确，并提出了互谱密度估计时的有效分析带宽的新的计算方法。

Assuming all samples coming from populations with the same standard deviation σ, the accuracy of estimating σ from observations of different parts influences control limits of target control chart. The dissertation points out shortcoming of traditional standard deviation estimates and proposes a unbiased estimate of σ which results in that the variation of the estimate is minimums and the control limits is set more reliably.

假设不同工件的样本标准方差均来自于同一分布，则以不同工件的样本标准方差对母体标准方差的估计的精确性直接影响了目标控制图控制界限计算的可靠性，本文分析了目标控制图传统的两种母体方差估计方法的合理性或稳健性较差的特点，给出了一种对σ无偏估计的优良方法，从而使这一方差估计量〓的散差最小，则依此最小方差的无偏估计量所得到的控制界限更为精确，更为可靠。

These conditions do not relate to the unknown parameters but the dimension of model, so it is easy to apply in practice. Next, we consider the relative efficiency of LSE against the beast linear unbiased estimator.

我们给出了Pitman准则下，最小二乘估计优于Within估计的一个充分条件，最后又得到了广义均方误差意义下两步估计一致的优于Between估计和Within估计的充分条件，并且这些条件只是和模型维数有关而和未知参数无关的一些不等式关系，因此便于实际应用。

By time-varying filtering, we realize the signal selectivity and interference suppression, especially for the signals with time-varying power spectrum. It is shown herein that conventional eigenstructure based methods are lower dimensional special case of the time-frequency subspace fitting method. The closed-form array response estimation algorithms for blind source separation in wireless communication is also developed in the dissertation by exploiting the data structure of second-order statistics of the array output in the presence of multipath. The proposed method achieves array response estimation with little constraint on signal property and propagation environment such as scatters or angular spread. Moreover, the array utilized here can be of arbitrary geometry and even uncalibrated. Since the closed-form solution is obtained, no misconvergency may occur and large amount of computation can be saved. The equivalent feed model and corresponding optimization designation are proposed to realize the downlink multi-user selective transmission. By coherent and non-coherent superposition of the electromagnetical field, multiple beams can be formed using a single array, so that each co-channel user signal is transmitted in each beam and will not interfered with each other. The proposed system scheme implements the digital beamforming and the channel allocation in the base band, therefore is suitable for the utilization of the radio software technology. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model are proved by the RF experiment.

在窄带条件下，GSC－SSF方法还可以提高阵列的虚拟孔径，从而提高估计的性能；可以证明，Cyclic DOA 和SC-SSF方法可看作该方法的特例或近似； 3、提出了二维GSC－SSF方法和宽带谱相关DOA矩阵方法，利用信号的循环平稳特性解决了宽带条件下二维 DOA 估计问题，并具有阵元数少、计算量较小的特点； 4、提出了时频子空间拟合和宽带时频DOA估计算法，将联合时频分析的理论和方法引入到阵列信号的空间谱估计研究中，利用时变滤波实现信号选择性测向和干扰抑制，特别适合于谱时变信号；可以证明传统特征结构法可看作是时频子空间拟合方法的特例； 5、提出了多用户环境下阵列响应的估计方法——CARE方法，该方法对信号结构和传播参数（主要是散射源分布与角度散布）的约束较少，适用于各种几何结构的阵列甚至未校准的阵列，能够直接得到阵列响应的闭式解，因此计算量小、稳健性好，不存在收敛问题； 6、提出了针对多用户下行选择性发送的阵列等效激励模型、优化设计方法及其系统实现方案，通过空间场的相干叠加与非相干叠加使得单一阵列能够形成多个波束，并保证各波束内的用户信号各不相同且相互干扰最小；其系统方案具有在基带实现数字波束成形、信道分配并便于软件无线电实现的特点，其有效性已得到外场实测数据的证实。

The estimation of additive and dominance effects through QTL analysis by onedimensional search while ignoring epistases showed similar accuracy to that by two-dimensional search by including epistases. Existence of epistases could decrease the precision for the estimation of additive and dominance effects. The estimation of genetic main effects would be biased if ignoring the interaction effects of QTL×environment . Joint analysis of multiple environments including QE interaction effects could increase the precision for the estimation of genetic main effects.

忽略上位性效应的一维搜索QTL分析对加性效应和显性效应的估计精度与包括上位性的两维搜索QTL分析对这两种效应的估计精度相差不大，上位性的存在可能会降低对这两种效应估计的精度；忽略QTL×环境互作效应会导致对遗传主效应的有偏估计，而包括QE互作效应的多环境联合分析能够提高对遗传主效应的估计精度。

Combined GIS with MATLAB, the automatic extraction of RS and geography information of sample plots was realized.5. Introduced the resist-PCA estimation method to build the estimation formula on crown density, stock volume and diameter breast height, good forecast accuracy was achieved and the deficiency of traditional LMS parameter estimation was made up.6. The estimation process software of the model was developed, including data pretreatment, weight function selection, LMS estimation, PCS estimation, resist-PCA estimation, accuracy assessment and other function models, in order to c

摘要4、结合Gls和MATLAB技术实现对样地遥感信息和地理环境信息的自动提取。5、引入抗差主成分估计方法建立郁闭度、蓄积量、胸径的估测方程，取得了良好的估测精度，弥补了传统最小二乘参数估计的不足。6、开发了模型估测处理软件，包括数据预处理、权函数选择，LS估计，主成分估计、抗差主成分估计、精度评价等模块，实现数据处理、模型研建与精度评价的自动化、一体化。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。