估算

Spurious timeout is very harmful to TCP. Two kinds of approaches were proposed to mitigate this problem, conservative approach and aggressive approach. In conservative approach, a conservative RTO, minRTO, is used. When RTO estimate form RTT is less than minRTO, it is set to minRTO. This makes RTO become predictable and may be exploited by attackers.

在TCP里，错误的逾期会造成相当大的伤害，而已经存在有两种类的方法来减轻这个问题，我们称他们为保守措施与积进措施，在保守措施里有用到一个保守重送逾期值(RTO， Retransmission Timeout) minRTO，当根据RTT 所估算出来的RTO小於 minRTO 时，RTO就会被设为minRTO，这样的做法会让RTO变成是可预测的，进而可能被攻击者利用。

How rugged the road, I also don't want to think

这条路还有多少崎岖，我也不想花心血去估算

Some indexes, such as SO2 emission, investment, running expenses, desulfurization cost and capacity of dealing pollutant etc., were estimated to evaluate the schemes.

并对各预案条件下的SO_2排放量、投资运行费用、脱硫成本、污染物处理能力等各项性能指标进行估算量化，初步分析了各预案的优劣势。

A gross profit percentage is applied to Sales to estimate Cost of Goods Sold.

毛利率即是适用于估算销售成本的。

Stephen Salter of the University of Edinburgh has designed an unmanned vessel which would produce these clouds using wind power.

他估算50辆这样的飞船就可以抵消全球一年的二氧化碳的排放量，因为每辆飞船能够每秒喷射出10公斤的海水(22磅)且造价仅为数百万美元。

Hierarchical linear modeling is the most frequently used technique for analyzing multilevel data. In this paper, the twelve key issues in multilevel research and/or using HLM software were reviewed, and provided their exact meanings and feasible solutions. The 12 key issues included intraclass correlation coefficient, sample sizes, formation of organizational constructs, centering problems, fixed effect and random effect, estimation methods, goodness of fit index, explained variation, multicollinearity, robust standard error, level one variance equation, and empirical Bayes estimates.

本文针对阶层线性模式在多层次研究上有关於技术、测量与方法论所遭遇的问题，进行文献整理并讨论其实务意涵，并依据使用时机、抽样议题、资料汇总、分析方法、与模式评估与估算等五方面整理出十二项重要议题与解决之道，包括：组内相关系数的意义与判断准则、多层次研究各层的样本数问题、变数聚合成组织层次问题、中心化的意义、固定效果与随机效果的设定、估计法的选择、适配度的比较、解释变异量的计算、多元共线性的分析、强韧性标准误、第一层误差项变异数与实证贝氏估计值的运用。

Furthermore, it increases the sampling error and distorts the distribution, ect.

缺失数据多重估算是目前最为系统和完善的一种方法。

Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.

无法估算，但并不复杂的是，我们这片土地上的人民正在失去信心，担心美国的衰退在所难免，我们的后代会低人一等。

We selected two different scale parameters, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index, on the basis of the radiative transfer models PROSPECT and SAIL, respectively, for sensitivity study of a set of indices. We aimed to improve the linearity between the indices for chlorophyll content and leaf area index on the basis of combinations of different wave bands.

为了寻找合适的波段位置以改善植被指数与叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的线性关系，去除饱和区域，进而提高这2个参数的实际估算精度，该文选取了叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数，以辐射传输模型PROSPECT和SAIL为基础，模拟了这2个参数变化对3类高光谱植被指数（归一化植被指数、优化的简单比值指数和优化的叶绿素吸收率指数）的影响。

However, a number of vegetation indices are not linearly related to biochemical components, so these indices may not be appropriate for other vegetative areas. We selected two different scale parameters, leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index, on the basis of the radiative transfer models PROSPECT and SAIL, respectively, for sensitivity study of a set of indices.

为了寻找合适的波段位置以改善植被指数与叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数的线性关系，去除饱和区域，进而提高这2个参数的实际估算精度，该文选取了叶绿素浓度和叶面积指数，以辐射传输模型PROSPECT和SAIL为基础，模拟了这2个参数变化对3类高光谱植被指数归一化植被指数(NDVI、优化的简单比值指数和优化的叶绿素吸收率指数的影响。

Recall that, in the Kolmogorov axiomatization, measurable sets are the sets which have a probability or, in other words, the sets corresponding to yes/no questions that have a probabilistic answer.

延期开工的Kolmogorov宣布要衡量所有套职能有限许多坐标限制在于衡量子寅。换句话说，如果是/否的问题回答f可看的价值观念在许多最有限坐标，然后它有一个概率的答案。

The experimental results showed that the algorithm can filter singular points and remain fixity of the target edge.

实验表明：基于模糊理论的图像智能滤波方法比常规图像滤波方法运算量小，它既能去除奇异点，又能保持图像中目标的边缘不变性，具有很好的滤波效果。