传统的

This essay discusses the two tradition in western philosophy of education : the divide between reasoning rational value education tradition represented by Plato and the rhetorical education tradition represented by Isocrates, and explains the difficulties and revelations brought by this divide especially for China in which there is no religion value education.

本文论述了西方教育哲学中的两大传统：以柏拉图为代表的认知理性价值教育传统和以伊索克拉底为代表的修辞教育传统的产生背景和主要思路，并展示了它们的原初分离，最后通过简要对比中国传统教育，来说明这种西方教育哲学的这种原初分离给后世特别是没有宗教价值教育的中国带来的困难和启示。

The administration of justice in traditional China has been criticized for disregarding established rules and precedents and thus likened to "Khadi justice."

近来祖国大陆的法学界流行着两种对于中国传统的批评：其一指责中国传统司法者不遵循法律和先例，仅仅就事论事，凭天理人情作成判决；其二声称中国传统文化里几乎没有法学可言。

In the new period, the revolutionary tinge began to fade away and the tradition of the revolutionary literature was deconstructed so that a new historical relationship of betrayal and retrogress was established.

在如何理解五四新文学与革命文学之间的关系上，建国后"十七年"与新时期存在着明显的差异：在"十七年"中，五四新文学传统逐渐被革命化，革命文学传统逐渐被强化，从而在二者之间建立起一种"继承与发展"的历史联系；在新时期，五四新文学传统的革命色彩逐渐被淡化，其地位一路飙升，革命文学传统逐渐被消解，从而在二者之间形成了"背叛与倒退"的历史联系。

Yet, once a worship of Confucian doctrine of Song and Ming dynasties and later a modern intellectual of liberalism, Mr. Cai was shown in his ideas to be deeply influenced by the tradition of "ideology first" on the one hand, and on the other hand, to be a unique modern enlightener, he reevaluated the traditional values according to the needs for survival in new conditions. So what he tried to do goes far beyond the explanatory power of the traditional ideology and the modernity, and rather, is an attempt to reconstruct them.

当然，我们亦发现作为一位曾经拜倒在宋明儒脚下而站起来的近代自山主义知识分于，他的美育观体现出他一方面深受&思想优先&这一传统意识的影响，另一方面扮演了独特的现代启蒙者角色：他依照观代生存需要来重新估定了传统价值，这显然不只是传统的思想道德范畴能够予以诠释的，而是一条探求如何实现传统重整的现代性理路。

As to his opinions on traditional culture, esp. the classic poems and verses, his contradicting idea was also overwhelming. On the one hand, he advocated referring to western poetics rather than Chinese classic poems and verses due to its lack in content, form and language; on the other hand, deeply influenced by Chinese classic culture and hard to get rid of it, he was ineluctably restricted by Chinese classic culture and finally regressed to the traditional mood of Chinese intellectuals.

第三、在对待中国传统文化尤其是古典诗词的态度上，穆旦也存在着颇耐人寻味的矛盾，一方面有感于古典诗词在内容、形象和语言上的弊端，拒绝接受古典诗词的影响，而提倡多借鉴西方诗学理论：另一方面又由于身处中国传统文化的&山山水水&之中，自身无法摆脱特定的文化身份，不可避免地要受到中国古典文化传统的限制和拘囿，甚至最终回归到传统知识分子的文化心态。

Within these influences and modern nomocracy appeared such conflict as between manually governing tradition and nomocracy spirit、the nomothetical conflict within the traditional morality of legal system and nomocracy construction、the conflict between revolutionary tradition and the conservative spirit of nomocracy、between traditional awkward law consciousness and fine law requirement of nomocracy construction、between the law concept that regarding law as traditional tool and looking on law as justice and so on.

这些影响与现代法治建设之间产生了人治传统与法治精神之间的冲突、法制的传统道德与法治建设中的法律冲突、革命传统与法治的保守精神相冲突、传统的恶法意识与法治建设的良法要求相冲突、统治工具论法观念与公平正义法观念之间的冲突等。

The thesis is organized into three parts: in the first part, through analysis of the ideal of habitat environment in the traditional culture, the central issues of the study -natural ecology and morphological ecology - are proposed; in the second part, through the theory of sustainable development and ecology, the typical cased in traditional habitat are evaluated from different standpoints, and sustainable development strategies of the traditional habitat environment in the aspects of natural ecology and morphological ecology are recapitulated; in the third part, with cases of the experimental practices nowadays in habitat environment, the possibility of the representation and development of the spirit in the traditional ideal habitat environment are finally presented.

本文的研究框架分为三个部分：第一部分通过对传统文化中反映的人居环境理想的分析，提出传统理想人居环境的研究核心——自然生态与形态生态；第二部分运用当今的可持续发展理论、生态学观点，多角度地评析了传统人居环境的典型案例，概括出传统人居环境在实现自然生态与形态生态两个方面所遵循的可持续发展的原则；第三部分从目前人居环境领域内的实验性探索切入，探索了传统的理想人居环境精华在当代再现并发展的可能性。

Adopting methods such as PRA interview,field survey and forest sample plot survey, the forest traditional culture of deity mountain in Gaoligong mountain area was investigated.

应用参与性农村快速评估、田野调查及森林样地调查等方法，对神山森林传统进行了调查研究，结果表明，高黎贡山普遍存在传统的村社防护林、传统的村社水源林、汉族的风水林、护寺林、傈僳族的神山、傣族的龙山、傣族的色树、勒墨人祭天场周围的森林等形式多样的神山森林，作为传统生态伦理的主要载体，高黎贡山地区广泛存在的神山森林传统在该地区的生物多样性保护中起着重要的作用，神山森林还可以提供多种非木质林产品，实现多种生态功能，促进生物资源的合理利用。

Accessories for the miniature furniture are replicated using materials such as gold foil,silver wire,copper and bamboo.

我们作为对中国传统造型艺术的热爱和喜好，致力于制作中国传统造型艺术模型，以中国传统的优质硬木为主材料，辅以金箔、银线、铜饰、瓷、玉、藤编等材料，多以手工制作成器，不但适合于典藏于赏玩，亦是馈赠佳品。

The traditional culture in curriculum of our country has dual nature, one is the traditional Confucianism in China culture, and another is educational culture that formed by national system, ideology in socialism country founded more than 50 years.

我国的课程传统文化具有双重性，一个是中国传统的儒家文化，另一个是建国50多年来社会主义国家体制、意识形态形成的教育文化，两种传统相拌而生形成了我国课程文化传统的双重特性。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。