传统法律

This established the Droit d'Auteur as a new legal tradition in order to replace the old, publisher-monopoly oriented system.

这建立起了「作者权作为一项新的法律传统」，以用来取代旧的〔传统〕，也就是「出版者垄断导向的体系」。

Economic Law is basic law for marketing economy,which is supplemental inmarket allocation of resource,in market allocation of resource.It is categorized as'second adjustment'law,which readjusts economicrelations built by the adjustment oftraditional civil and commercial law.

经济法是市场经济的基本法，在市场资源配置上为补充形式，是属于&二次调整&的法律，是对已经由传统的民商法调整而形成的经济关系再次调整的法律。

Aimming atinternational nihilism about wartime neutrality,the author analyses the neutralityunder the collective security,and then concludes that when the collective security isout of work the conventional neutral laws and regulations are still appliable.Theauthor continues to analyses,from the angles of history and law,the question ofneutral maritime trade during Iran-Iraq War,Gulf War,the Folklands War,andhighlights that neutral rights are vital for the neutrals to maintain wartime seabornetrade.

针对国际上的中立虚无主义，作者分析了集体安全制下的中立，得出结论认为在集体安全制实际不能运作或力不能及的情况下，传统上适用于中立的法律规则依然适用；从历史、法律的角度分析了两伊战争、海湾战争、马岛战争中的中立国海上贸易问题，凸现出中立权利对中立国战时维护海上贸易的重要性。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Among the Western developed countries . no matter the countries with Romano-Germanic family or the countries with Anglo-American law system have the different legal tradition and thought. But in criminal judicature organizational reform, specially in criminal investigation system reform they faced the almost same questions and they adopted some reform measures and the similar procedure system.

西方发达国家，不论是大陆法系国家，还是英美法系国家虽然有着不同的法律传统和法律思想，但是在刑事司法体制改革，特别是刑事侦查体制改革上，面对的几乎是相同的问题，而且采取了一些近乎相同的改革措施和类似的程序制度。

Pre-established theory of human nature is to seek theoretical support to legality and legal authority on a closer layer.

法律权威的理念基础是孕育于自然法传统的自由、民主、人权等人类理想的价值观念，法律的至上性正是源于它承载了这些基本而重要的价值。

The right of reward claim seems more like a kind of legal qualification than ordinary right, which has a look of legal qualifications as well as a content of legal right. However, it is different from the "classic" type of traditional civil right.

报酬请求权谓之权利，其实更像一种资格和权限，其有法律资格之外观且含有法律权利之部分内容，但它与民法传统意义上的&经典&权利类型是有区别的。

Economics to the analysis of the legal methods is the law goes beyond the limitations of traditional logic analysis.

摘 要：以经济分析的方法来研究法律，是对法律的传统逻辑分析局限的超越。

In the last part of the dissertation, a new mode of the admissibility of illegal evidence is put forward, based on the Chinese law culture and situation, with the using for reference to the advanced experiences and practices in foreign countries. And then a new proposal of the onus probandi is put forward. The most remarkable features of the dissertation consist of: The one is the comparative method taken in the dissertation, separating the illegal evidences into three kinds: illegal word evidence, illegal object evidence and'the fruit of the poisonous tree', while they are compared by the separation of countries always.

最后，文章提出要根据本国的法律文化传统和法律土壤，借鉴国外的先进经验和作法，并充分考虑当前的法治环境、司法资源及司法机关工作人员的综合素质等因素，设计出符合我国实际情况的非法证据的证据能力模式，并对非法证据的举证责任提出了设想。

In the third part of this chapter, after introducing the theories and reasons about the base of the right to allege the compensation for damages, the author supports that the base of the right to allege the compensation for damages is breach of contract, and because of reacquainting of the object of contract rescission, this theory resolves the logical contradiction of traditional theory, gives attention to the values of the logicality and justice of law.

本章第三节中，在介绍了关于合同解除损害赔偿请求权基础的各种理论及理由后，笔者支持合同解除后损害赔偿的请求权性质是债务不履行的损害赔偿，并因为重新认识合同解除的标的，解决了传统理论中法律逻辑的矛盾，兼顾了法律逻辑和正义诉求双方面的价值。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失