传统方法

To accelerate the widespread of Synchronous Chip Seal and improve the operation quality of Synchronous Chipsealer, key techniques which influence the operation quality is studied detailedly, including the control of distributing quality, the dynamics characteristics of hydraulic system and the spray characteristics of asphalt nozzle of Synchronous Chipsealer.1 The factors which influence Synchronous Chip Seal quality are studied. Fiducial probability of simultaneous distribution density is advised to be used in evaluating the distribution bias and standard deviation of asphalt and aggregates simultaneously, which is more advanced than the single index evaluation method used before.2 The volume efficiency formula of asphalt pump is revised after analyzing the data of volume efficiency with mathematical statistics, which is helpful to match the asphalt spray system and control the flow out of asphalt pump accurately. With equation deduction and experiment, dynamic of hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is studied, which lay the theory foundation on improving the stability and efficiency from design and controlling.4 Simulation on hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is done with AMESim; the results indicate that multi-circle parallel connected hydraulic system with constant pressure power is better than that with load-sensing pressure power at present, because the latter will oscillate when the multi circles work at the same time. This conclusion has been proved during the debug of Synchronous Chipsealer.5 Asphalt nozzle characteristics, such as flat jet shape, flow distribution, are studied with experiment, the results indicate that cross quality of asphalt distributing is not increased linearly follow the increase of fan overlap level, the best point usually exists between two whole overlap level, asphalt distributing quality is better than±4% at the 2.5 overlap level, meets the superior specified in standard; The distribution quality of Synchronous Chipsealer can be increased by spray asphalt of different flow rang with nozzle of different diameter

为了加快同步碎石封层技术的推广，提高同步碎石封层设备的作业质量，本文对同步碎石封层设备作业质量的影响因素与控制方法、液压系统的动力学特性和沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性等关键技术进行了深入细致的研究：1研究了影响同步碎石封层作业质量的因素，提出了采用联合密度分布置信概率对同步碎石封层中沥青洒布量和碎石撒布量的系统偏差和标准差指标进行综合评价的方法，克服了传统评价方法只能对单一指标进行评价的缺陷；2采用数理统计的方法，研究了沥青泵的容积效率特性，修正了沥青泵容积效率公式，为沥青喷洒系统的匹配和沥青泵出口流量的精确控制提供了依据；采用数理方程推导与试验相结合的方法，研究了同步碎石封层设备液压系统的动力学特性，为从设计和控制的角度提高同步碎石封层设备液压系统的稳定性和效率奠定了理论基础；3运用AMESim软件对采用负载敏感控制和恒压控制的两种同步碎石封层设备液压系统进行仿真，结果表明：负载敏感控制的并联液压系统在多回路同时工作时，由于液压泵排量控制参考压力不稳定，容易引发液压系统振荡，恒压控制的并联液压系统是目前技术条件下比较理想的同步碎石封层设备工作装置驱动方案；该结论亦通过同步碎石封层设备装机试验得到了验证。4采用试验的方法对沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性进行了研究，结果表明：沥青洒布的横向精度并不是随着喷洒扇面重叠度的增加线性增加，其最高点通常出现在二个重叠度之间的"半重叠位置"，"2.5重叠"洒布时，沥青的横向洒布精度≤±4%，可以达到国家相关标准中的优级标准；同步碎石封层设备还可以根据不同洒布量情况下的流量需求，采用不同通径的喷嘴进行喷洒，提高沥青洒布精度。

That method has break through traditional lofting model.

该方法突破了传统的放样模式，步骤简单、快捷，数据准确、可靠，大大优于传统的"作图法"、"计算法"，是对传统放样模式的技术提升，是牛角弯头展开放样准确、简单化的有效途径。

According to the differences of research techniques, Mitcham divided the researches on ethics of technology into two kinds of traditions which were the continental or phenomenological tradition in philosophy and the Anglo-American analytical tradition.

根据研究方法的不同，米切姆把技术伦理的研究分为两大主要传统，即欧洲大陆的现象学传统和英美学者的分析传统。

Therefore, the part of analyzing questions compares and analyzesarchitectural elements involved in traditional folk houses and municipal housing from threeaspects such as world view of humanism, nature and psychology, which aims to seek a commonground between modern municipal housing and aspects of cultural recessiveness such ashumanism spirits involved in traditional residences. Then, this dissertation will put forward thedesign method concerning application of traditional folk houses" elements to modern housing, andthen try to change current drawbacks of municipal housing such as lack of expression and neglectof sensation, so that it is possible to explore another development path for people"s betterinhabitancy as well as to provide a new way of thought for forming resident architecture theorywith Chinese characteristic.

因此分析问题部分从自然观、人文观和心理观三方面对传统民居和城市住宅中的建筑元素进行比较分析，目的是找出传统民居中凝结的人文精神与情感智慧等文化隐性层面与当代城市住宅的契合点，提出传统民居元素在现代住宅中应用的设计方法，从而试图改变现有现代城市住宅"缺乏表情，忽视情感"等现有的缺憾，以期为人们更好地栖居生活探索另一条发展途径，也为形成有中国特色居住建筑理论提供一种新的思考方式。

Under the postmodernism background, the author tries to survey the development of the western philosophy by connecting the development of the western traditional reasonable philosophy in itself with philosophical crises from self-reasonable angle, therefore, the author chooses some typical and marked philosophers theories to discuss in the course of traditional reasonable philosophy, as follows the author collects the case of Socrates Descartes Kant and Hussel, meanwhile, adopts selfreason as the clue of their theories, concerns about their .philosophical ways contexts philosophical problems and philosophical trouble to reconception.

本文是在后现代思潮高涨的背景下，试图从把西方传统理性主义哲学本身的发展和西方哲学危机结合起来重新审视西方哲学的发展，通过选取在对传统理性主义哲学发展路途上具有里程碑作用的几个哲学家思想的探讨，因此我选取了苏格拉底、笛卡尔、康德、胡塞尔四位思想家的理性自我哲学，对他们的哲学方式、方法内容，由其带来的哲学问题和所面临的困境的反思，尝试着来看传统理性主义哲学到底走向何方？

Combined machine tool s that the flexible refitment of machines instead ofpurcbasing a new one with identical function can save investment of 130 000 yuan each.

通过对一批传统组合机床进行柔性化改造工程的技术经济分析，表明进行柔性化改造的设备比购置同样功能传统机床节约投资131元／台，10年内平均节约费用72718.8元，本文涉及的计算方法简单，而且通用性强，为传统组合机床柔性化改造提供了技术经济分析的依据。

Based on the study and inheritance of the domestic and overseas achievement in the related field, this thesis makes research into the theory and application: On theory, this thesis puts forward the concepts of Engineering Cost, Engineering Cost Management and Engineering Cost Estimation, analyzes the relation between them; And it introduces the factors which influence the engineering cost estimation, then puts forward the study of the methods; It particularizes the common methods of estimating the engineering cost, introduces the principle, the operation and the application condition, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method; By introducing the mention, the principle, the reasoning process and the comparison with the traditional reasoning mechanisms, it makes out the essence of this method, and views it as a whole.

本文在研究、继承已有国内外研究成果的基础上，在理论和应用方面都进行了研究：理论方面，提出了工程造价、工程造价管理、工程造价估算的概念，分析之间的相互关联；介绍工程造价估算的影响因素，提出对编制方法的探讨；列举出目前常用的工程造价估算方法，介绍各种方法的原理、使用方法及应用条件，分析各自的优缺点；通过介绍基于案例推理的提出、基本原理、推理过程和与传统推理机制的比较，剖析该方法的精髓，对其有了整体把握。应用方面，基于对研究对象的深刻理解，分析了工程造价估算问题和基于案例推理二者结合的必要性和可行性；建立了基于案例推理的工程造价估算系统，综合运用模糊数学、灰色理论、运筹学等知识，构造了系统算法；并运用上述理论和方法进行了实例分析，实现了基于案例推理的工程造价估算问题的初步研究，使得运用基于案例推理方法解决工程造价估算问题的设想得到了肯定。

The traditional measure methods such as stereoscopic law, Molls stripe law, grating cubic chart law etc. need expensive equipment and well-trained special technical staff, and long measuring cycle, low measuring efficiency, these shortcomings make the traditional contact-type measurement method hinder the wide application that is measured.

传统的测量方法如体视法、莫尔条纹法、光栅立体图法等需要昂贵的仪器设备和训练有素的专门技术人员，而且测量周期长、效率低，这些缺点使得传统的测量方法阻碍了自由曲面测量的广泛应用。

It is considered that Traditional Chinese Medicine mainly deploy method of direct observation human body while Western Medicine mainly draw assistance from instrument to indirect observation human body ;philosophy thinking of wholism is stressed on Traditional Chinese Medicine whil...

认为：中医主要采用直接观察人体的方法，而西医主要借助于仪器间接观察人体；中医注重整体宏观的哲学思辨，而西医强调部分还原方法。只有改变传统发展模式，用科学发展观指导当代中医学理论体系的构建，才能实现传统的中医学向现代医学的过渡。

Main points of the thesis are as follows:(1) The main function models and information relations between these models in the CAPP system in the integrated CAD/CAM project are explained, a new process plan design method is mentioned based on analyses of process plan design. This method is based on the process plan prototype, and develops the prototype little by little until the perfect process plan is completed, the prospect of this method is discussed;(2) The feature abstracting rules and methods are studied, a feature coding system is developed based on GT, all the defined feature models are described by the mathematical methods;(3) The integrated method of CAD/CAPP based on features is mentioned, this method defines a feature exchanging model, and develops an interface software to exchange design data into technology data base, this technology data base includes the design and technology information of the parts;(4) The process plan reasoning method based on features is created, this method uses Mycin algorithm to solve the reasoning of the feature process plan. A process plan making system is developed. In this system part process plan is made by the semi-intelligent method, this method uses the feature reasoning, feature process chain searching and man-computer talking together;(5) The main structure of the HOPE system is introduced, a shaft drawing and its process plan made by this system are shown, the data process problem in process drawing making is also discussed;(6) A new method of describing process rule is introduced, this method uses IfThen rules and neural nets weight values together to describe process rules, the BP algorithm is adopted in this method;(7) The optimal machining sequence problem of the process steps on the same fixturing is discussed, optimal algorithms SA is applied to solve this problem, the result shows that this method is more efficient than the traditional method;(8) All jobs in the thesis are summarized. In order to carry out the research in the future, some rational proposals are given.

全文论述的内容主要有下列几个方面：(1)较为系统地阐述了CAD／CAM一体化工程项目中CAPP系统的主要功能模块及其信息流程，在分析工艺设计过程的基础上，提出了基于特征原型的渐进式工艺设计方法，并探讨了该方法的应用前景；(2)研究了零件特征提取的原则和方法，在成组技术的基础上，开发了一套基于特征的分类编码系统，并在提取零件特征的基础上，定义了零件特征的数据模型，开发了基于轴类零件特征的参数化设计系统；(3)研究了基于特征的CAD／CAPP集成的方法，通过定义零件特征数据模型的存储结构，开发了将设计数据转换到工艺数据库中的接口程序，为后续的CAPP系统提供必要的零件形状和工艺信息；(4)研究了基于特征的工艺推理方法，将Mycin算法应用到工艺决策中，开发了基于特征的工艺推理及工艺方案生成系统，在系统中综合运用特征推理、特征加工工艺链查询及人机对话相结合的半智能化方法确定零件加工工艺；(5)介绍了整个HOPE系统的总体结构，通过运行HOPE系统绘出了一轴类零件的零件图，并生成了该零件的加工工艺方案，初步探讨了基于特征的工序图生成技术中数据处理问题；(6)研究了工艺设计过程中知识如何有效表示的问题，提出了将显式的IF-THEN规则表示与隐式神经网络权值表示相结合的工艺知识表示方法，并利用BP算法进行了工艺知识表示的初步研究；(7)研究了工艺设计过程中同一安装下工步优化排序问题，利用神经网络中基于模拟退火的理论来解决该工步优化排序问题，实践证明该方法较传统的算法具有更高的效率；(8)总结了本文所进行的研究工作，为今后进一步开展工作提出了较为合理的建议。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐