传统主义

French dirigisme , a tradition of state intervention reaching back to Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, has delivered not just fast trains but nuclear energy and a municipal soccer pitch in every commune.

法国统制主义，作为一项国家干预的传统可以追溯到路易14时代的财务部长让-巴普蒂斯特·柯尔贝尔。这一主义不仅带来了高速火车，而且带来了核能，也为每个社区带来了市级的足球比赛。

The historical meanings of earlier Arab national movement are that: First, the rising of nationalism in Arab world pioneers a new routine different from traditional one; Second, the new conception of constructing country causes Arab people to be separated from formulation of religion / empire, and be immersed in construction onrush in neoteric world; Third, the grown-up of nationalism awakens and changes Arabs traditional idea, and adapts them to the new one of national development; Fourth, the thoughts of nationalism rebuilds Arab nation in the background of new era; Fifth, the babyish Pan-Arabism especially in King Era establishes development contrail of Arab world.

早期阿拉伯民族主义运动的历史意义：第一，民族主义在阿拉伯世界的兴起开辟了一条有别于传统的民族发展新路；第二，新型国家构建理念使阿拉伯人逐渐走出宗教／帝国范式，融入近代以来世界范围内的民族国家构建洪流；第三，民族主义的崛起唤醒和改造了阿拉伯人尘封已久的民族自我意识，使其适应新时期民族发展的需求；第四，民族主义思想在新的时代背景下重塑了阿拉伯民族；第五，早期特别是&王政时期&的泛阿拉伯主义运动虽然看起来显得那么稚嫩，但却奠定了阿拉伯世界的发展轨迹：在民族目标上，谋求民族独立或自由成为全民族各阶层的首要共识；在民族统一的问题上，独立的民族国家间的全面合作逐渐取代政治上的统一；在泛阿拉伯主义的另一面旗帜——巴勒斯坦问题上，巴勒斯坦战争预示着武力解决方案的失败，承认以色列、通过和平谈判的方式解决这一问题成为唯一的选择。

Stimulated by defending nation,striving for our motherland and by overturning oldsociety,revanchism of modem China had been ceaselessly spreading,beingimmingled in the extreme trend of political thought,for example nationalism,didacticism,the idea of class struggle and so on.

与文艺复兴以往，西方复仇文学的批判性发展趋向不同，近现代以来的中国思想、文化／文学界始终或隐或显地贯穿着一种以肯定、褒扬为主导的复仇主义价值倾向--尽管现代法治精神自清末就已输入国门，传统宗法复仇主义滋生、蔓延的制度温床已经不复存在。

Inspired by Elaine Showalter's theory,"feminist critique" and "gynocritics", this thesis endeavors to rediscover the forgotten and neglected tradition of feminist criticism on Hamlet and to re-estimate its significance in the historical context.

本文以当代女性主义批评家爱莲娜·肖瓦尔特提出的&女性主义批评&和&妇女批评学&为理论依据，致力于发掘被遗忘和忽视的女性哈评传统，并重新评价其历史价值。

One tradition within Philosophy of Science has taken the theory/observation distinction as fundamental; and just as some troubled by scepticism about the external world have turned to idealism, and those troubled by scepticism about other minds have turned to behaviourism, so those troubled by the problem of our knowledge of the unobserved turned to instrumentalism.

一个在科学哲学传统，采取了理论/观察，根本的区别；和公正的一些关于外部世界的疑虑，困扰已转向唯心论，而那些被怀疑的其他脑海转向行为主义的困扰，所以那些由困扰我们的知识的问题不可观测转向工具主义。

As a kind of political science, new institutionalist politics rose from the study of the traditional political system and introspection on behaviourist revolution.

新制度主义政治学是对传统政治学制度研究的继承，以及对&行为主义&的反思而形成的一种政治学研究范式。

As a kind of political science, new institutionalist politics rose from the study of the traditional political system and introspection on behaviourist revolution.

政治科学中的新制度主义是对传统政治学制度研究的继承以及对&行为主义革命&的反思而形成的一种政治学研究范式。1984年，詹姆斯·马奇James G。

Corporatism paradigm is very useful to understand the practice and theory of China\'s political development because it has much correspondence with China\'s historical tradition and reality of political development.

此外，法团主义范式对于理解中国政治发展的实践和理论也颇具借鉴意义，这是因为法团主义与中国的历史传统和政治发展现实有诸多契合之处。

At first, its influence was mainly in philosophy and literary criticism. After 1970"s, some architects attempted to apply its theory in the architecture in order to break the traditional thought. In the 80"s, deconstructionist architect Bernard Tschumi applied it to the park creation--La Villette Park that was the only deconstructionist park form in the world.

最初，它的影响主要在哲学和文学批评领域。70年代以后，一些先锋派建筑设计师试图将其理论应用于建筑设计中，以突破传统建筑设计思想。80年代，解构主义建筑师屈米又将其应用于公园的创造中，形成了目前世界上唯一的解构主义园林——巴黎拉维莱特公园。

The paper firstly examines the philosophical background. It holds that philosophical currents such as phenomenology and existentialism have an effect on this theory to some degree, and then traces the inner logic of origin and development of the theory from post-modernism and "anti-cultural" trend. Afterwards, it generalizes several important post-modern theorists such as Alain Robbe-Grillet, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Jean Baudrillard and so on. The paper proposes that "against-interpretation" is not only a literary critical claim, but also a cultural theory. Its attitude that overthrows and rebells tradition makes it inevitably tend towards the logic of deconstruction.Chapter two, chapter three and chapter four analyze in detail of Robbe-Grillet, sontag and Baudrillard respectively, and systematicly discuss the aesthetics pursuit and the cultural significance of the theory against interpretation through comparing the thoughts of them.

论文首先对反阐释理论产生的哲学背景作了辨析，认为现象学和存在主义哲学思潮在某种程度上对反阐释理论产生了一定的影响；再从60年代之后，后现代主义对现代性的批判与美国的&反文化&潮流两方面追寻反阐释理论产生与发展的内在逻辑；然后又概括介绍了阿兰·罗伯—格里耶、罗兰·巴尔特、苏珊·桑塔格、米歇尔·福科、雅克·德里达、吉尔·德勒兹、让·博德里亚等几位对反阐释理论发生过重要影响的后现代大家，指出&反对阐释&不只是一种文学批评主张，还是一种文化批判理论，它对传统的颠覆与反叛姿态使它不可避免地走向了&解构主义&的逻辑。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失