传粉者

The microspore was more like a tetrahedron, whilethe polar was more like a triangle. The number of microspore in every anther wasbetween 2600～3600, so the amount of pollen was quite large that it was propitiousto spread and pollination. P/O was 8088 and the breed system was singleheterosexual copulatoryb. The viability of pollen was normally above 50%. The testof pollen culture showed that the viability of pollen was up to the tiptop under thehigher temperature and lower humidity (38℃,40%),while it was weakest under thelower temperature and lower humidity (16℃,40%).The OCI is 4, and the breedsystem was belong to autocopulation. If it was heterosexual copulatory, there must beintermediums for pollination. It was recorded there were more than 40 species ofinsects on the anthotaxy or followers of Malania Oleifera. Under different weather,different living environments and different plants the frequency and rush hour of theinsects to visit the followers were different. Actions of different kinds of insect werealso different. According to the results of the observation, the form of fluid and seedof Malania Oleifera mostly rely on the action of insect pollination, especially thebees.

蒜头果的花序为聚伞形花序，有小花8～10朵，小花较小；按花粉大小等级划分，蒜头果的花粉粒属于小的范围；花粉粒呈近四面体，极面为近三角形：每粒花药所含的花粉粒在2600～3600粒之间，花粉量较大，有利于花粉的传播和授粉；胚珠比值为8088，繁育系统为专性异交类型；花粉生活力一般在50％以上；在不同温度湿度条件下测得蒜头果花粉的生活力在高温低湿(38℃，40％)的条件下最高，在低温低湿(16℃，40％)的条件下最低；杂交指数值为4，繁育系统自交亲和，异交，需要传粉者；记录到的访花昆虫有40余种，访花昆虫的访花频率及高峰时间不同，不同种类的昆虫的访花行为也是各有所异；从观察的结果看，蒜头果的种实的形成大多数依赖于传粉昆虫的活动，其中主要是蜂类。

Could be reasons for its limited distribution and endemism. Flower with long spur selects pollinators with the long proboscis. During the long period of co-adaption, they have promoted its evolution respectively.

花部具长距的匍匐凤仙花"选择"了具长吻的传粉昆虫，正是匍匐凤仙花与传粉者在长期的相互适应和磨合过程中，促进了各自的进化。

There were no strong correlations between nectary structures and pollinator behavior, although gelatinous or watery nectar was associated with the foraging preference of pollinators.

它们的蜜腺结构和传粉者行为之间没有明显的相关性，但是胶质或水质的花蜜对传粉者的取食方式有一定影响。

Flower/pollinator relationships are an example, in which adaptations of flowers for pollination by animals is to the mutual advantage of both species.

例如花和传粉者之间的关系就是很好的一个例子。花的结构适应于传粉的动物，对于两个物种来说是共同的一种进步。

Megachile desertorum Morawitz is an important pollinator of many endangered species and constructive desert plants in West Erdos Region.

沙漠石蜂 Megachile desertorum Morawitz为多种植物的传粉昆虫，在西鄂尔多斯地区是多种濒危植物和荒漠建群植物的重要传粉者。

Secondary pollinators are diurnal hawk moths and butterflies. Bombus briviceps and Bombus sp. are nectar gatherers. The mean nectar sugar concentration is 29.5%. The proport ion of seed is 86. 5%. Percentage seed germination under controlled conditions is 23.1 %. Distances that seeds are ejected ranged from 0.58-1.17 m. The distances that pollen spread is 29cm. Pollen viability is highest on the day of anthesis and thereafter decreased.

匍匐凤仙花的主要传粉者是蜜蜂和熊蜂，次要传粉者为白天活动的天蛾和蝴蝶，另外还有两种花蜜窃取者；花蜜糖平均浓度为29.5％；种子产生率为86.5％，种子萌发率为23.1％，种子散布距离为0.58-1.17m；花粉流为29cm；花粉活力在第一天最高，第二天次之，第三天显著减弱；P／O值为

Facultative mutualism The majority of mutualisms are nonobligatory and opportunistic.

这些互利共生可能是散开的，包含有不同的物种混合，如许多传粉者与其传粉植物之间的互利共生。

Pedicularis plants and their pollinators are interdependent in terms of corolla structure, pollinator behavior and caste, and blooming phenology. Species with different floral design have different pollination syndrome.

不同花部特征的马先蒿具有不同的传粉综合特征，马先蒿植物的花部特征与传粉昆虫的行为，与开花物候和传粉者阶层之间存在复杂的相关性。

The results of P/O detection (5 730.3±2 941.1) and bagging treatments suggest that I. chinensis is self-compatible with facultative xenogamy breeding system, its outcross-pollination require pollinators.

花粉胚珠比（5 730.3±2 941.1）和套袋实验的结果表明华凤仙属于自交亲和但以异交为主的繁育系统，传粉过程需要传粉者。

Figs and their pollinating wasps constitute the extreme example of interactions between plants and insects. Each fig species is pollinated by a single minute, pollen-bearing female wasp species that only depend on the particular fig syconia for the production of their offspring, so the relation is generally regarded as species-specific.

榕树-榕小蜂的互惠共生是植物与其传粉者间相互作用的最极端的特例，几乎每一种榕树均由榕小蜂科的一种特定昆虫传粉，而它们的小蜂也只能在此特定榕树种的花内养育它们的幼虫，构成了高度的种专一性。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。