优化问题

We introduce an optimal degree α in the objective function and a satisfactory degree β in the constraint conditions for interval number linear programming problem to transform them into parametric linear programming problem with real coefficients.

通过引入区间数线性规划问题中的目标函数优化水平α和约束水平β将目标函数和约束条件均为区间数的线性规划问题转化为确定型的线性规划问题。

This paper gives a detailed presentation of all the current algorithms for the problems of the five classes,and puts em- phasis on the analysis and comparison of the technique used in those parameterized algorithms.

引言Set Packing问题是在理论和实践中基本的组合问题，是一类重要的NP难问题lj，被广泛应用于调度、代码优化和生物信息学等领域。如在线性调度领域中，算法必须在不知道每个工作要多少时间完成的情况下调度许多的作业。

In the computational methods of TPBVP, in order to reduce some difficulties involved in solving a TPBVP via adjoint variables, we discuss a direct method in which state and control variables are indirectly parameterized, The method employs a recently developed direct optimization technique that uses a piecewise polynomial representation for the state and control variables, thus converting the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming problem, which can be solved numerically.

在数值解法中，为了减少解决两点边值问题共轭变量带来的困难，主要讨论了将状态变量和控制变量进行参数化的一种直接方法，这种方法采用了近段发展起来的使用分段的多项式来代替状态和控制变量的直接优化方法，然后最优控制问题就转化成可以用数值方法解决的非线性规划问题，使得迭代初值更加容易选取。

As the objective function is not strictly concave in the path rate, the penalty function method is applied to transform the primal problem into a new formulation to obtain the optimal solution based on the subgradient method. And the multiPath congestion control algorithm is also proposed.

由于多径效用最大化问题中的目标函数对路径速率而言不是严格凹的，所以运用罚函数法将此最大化问题转化成新的等价形式，再运用次梯度法获得了原问题的最优解，由此提出了用于Ad hoc网络的多径路由优化拥塞控制算法MPCC。

In it's function renewal ,industry structural readjustment and the rearrangement of district area urban space.

本文针对郑州城市与中原地区区域经济发展条件，比较研究了郑州城市发展的功能定位问题、城市产业结构调整问题以及区域城市空间重组问题，并探讨性提出了相关策略建议，预测城市发展可能存在的优化发展模式，以期能为郑州作为区域中心城市发展过程中提供一些建设思路。

Nevertheless, some problems remain unaddressed in CEA development, including structural optimization and functionality of agricultural ecosystem, technological problems and fundamental theory of ecological construction.

在今后的发展中还有许多方面的问题要解决，如农业生态系统结构与功能的优化，生态建设以及若干深层次理论和技术问题，而全民生态教育问题尤为重要。

The controllers has considered all sorts of imperceptible factors affecting the servo performances in a LPMSM servo system, which include the parametric uncertainties brought by the changes of the mobile mass, the dynamitic performance of the system and the size of input.

针对非线性控制器设计参数较多这个问题，本文将参数设计问题转化为一种优化设计问题，借助于寻优方法中最为有效的遗传算法，可以比较方便的找出符合设计要求的一组调节参数，来解决模型摄动和参数不确定性给系统带来的扰动，以保证系统的稳定性及鲁棒性。

The Lexicographic method has subjective and empirical character,so a weighting coefficient is introduced by considering the importance and proportion of each individual object,the preferable result of every individual object can be confirmed by comparing the degree of similarity between the perfect one and the ecumenic one and the Fuzzy optimization will be perfect.

多目标最优化问题最早的出现[1]，应追溯到1772年，当时franklin就提出了多目标矛盾如何协调的问题。由于多目标优化的特点，只有很少问题具有满足所有目标函数最优化的&最优解&，而大多数情况只有一个折衷意义的&偏好解[&2，3]。

First,how to map the resource assignment and task scheduling problem into the optimization selection problem of task resource assignment graph and to add the semaphore mechanism in the optimal TRAG to solve deadlocks are explained.

首先阐述了如何将分配调度问题映射到任务资源分配图的优化选择问题上和如何将信号量机制引入到最优任务资源分配图中来解决死锁问题。

The other problem in the dissertation reveals that the RBF centers and widths can be evoked by a cooperative-competitive genetic algorithm. Using the well-known credit apportionment problem and niching problem, the different fitness measures in the GA of RBF representation have been studied and the adaptive genetic operators have been given to trade off the problems because of the fitness measure problem.

另外，研究了一种基于全局搜索的遗传算法的带有不同尺度的RBF结构确定的方法，讨论了信度分配问题和小生境问题两个概念，并把两概念应用于基于GA的RBF表示的系统模型中，详细论述了在GA优化过程中，取不同评价函数测量形式，对搜索群体性能的影响，最后提出采用自适应的遗传操作算子来平衡由于评价函数所造成的抑制过度竞争出现早熟问题的方法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。