伊斯兰

In terms of the nature of the Malay regime and its ruling ideology, I divide the pre-independent history of Malaysia into three periods: Hinduization, Islamization, and colonization. To analyze the last two periods, I use a threefold framework: the state, intermediate religious institution, and local society. The focus is on the relationship between the institutionalization of Islamic tradition by the Malay sultan and the Britishcolonial regime and the formation of the Malay Islamic identity. I conclude that the process of Islamization paved the way for the Malay nationalist movement in the early 20th century.

故由此角度出发，全文依政权性质及统治意识型态为准，将前独立时代的马来西亚历史区分成三个阶段：印度教化时期，伊斯兰化时期，西方殖民时期；後两个阶段分别依从上至下的三个层面加以分析：国家，宗教次级团体，民间社会，以便研究马六甲苏丹政权与英国殖民政权的统治者如何以一套行政法制措施强化马来人之伊斯兰认同，直到二十世纪初，终至激发了马来统治菁英与知识份子所主导，以伊斯兰教做为文化认同基础之民族主义运动。

In the internal aspect, it enforced the?Islamization 搊f ?. those countries and brOught with many serious social-PO1itical Probems.its edcal fOrees make terrdrise activilices freguently. ins1ab1ize thosegoremmend twes and frotate the1r economices.

在对内方面，它进一步加强了这些国家的"伊斯兰化"，给中东伊斯兰各国政府普遍带来了诸多严重的社会政治问题；其极端势力频繁发动的暴力恐怖活动，更使这些国家政局长期动荡不安，经济发展因此严重受阻。

Islamization,Legitimacy, Shari'a,Sultan

伊斯兰化，合法性，伊斯兰律法，苏丹，马六甲法典

After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Khomeini's theory was embodied in the Iranian Constitution and established as the foundation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

伊斯兰政府问题的核心是以伊斯兰法作为国家的基础，教法学家统治问题的核心是由教法学家担任国家的统治者。

This group and its leader —— a person named Usama bin Ladin —— are linked to many other organizations in different countries, including the Egyptian Islamic Jihad and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.

这个组织及其头目──一个名叫本·拉登的人─与不同国家的其它很多组织都有联系，如埃及的伊斯兰圣战组织和乌兹别克斯坦的伊斯兰运动。

It is ridiculous for any one to profess himself to be a Mahometan only in his religion, but in everything else a faithful :（ct to a Christian magistrate, whilst at the same time he acknowledges himself bound to yield blind obedience to the Mufti of Constantinople, who himself is entirely obedient to the Ottoman Emperor and frames the feigned oracles of that religion according to his pleasure.

任何人这样做都是荒谬的：在信仰上宣称他是穆罕默德信徒，而在其它的事情上他又是基督徒法官的忠实的臣民；同时他又承认盲目的服从于君士坦丁堡的穆夫提（在奥托曼帝国时期，君士坦丁堡的穆夫提是伊斯兰国家的法学权威，总管律法和教义方面的所有事务。随着伊斯兰国家现代法律的发展，穆夫提的作用日益减小。如今，穆夫提的职权仅限于遗产继承、结婚、离婚等个人案件。

The Mahometan and Indian religions embrace an infinite number of people; the Indians hate the Mahometans, because they eat cows; the Mahometans detest the Indians because they eat hogs.

伊斯兰教和印度教都各自包括了无数的信徒；印度教徒憎恨伊斯兰教徒，因为他们食用牛肉；伊斯兰教徒憎恨印度教徒，因为他们食用猪肉。

These espoused a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-influenced traditions to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era, such as Manicheism and Mazdakism, as well as various post-Islamic schools.

这些信奉各种哲学问题的看法，从旧伊朗和主要拜火教影响的传统学校中出现的已故前伊斯兰时代，如摩尼教和Mazdakism ，以及各种后的伊斯兰学校。

The octogenarian professor of theology said that the recent events "have caused deep regret and sorrow in all Iranians loyal to the Islamic establishment and the revolution,... and have gladdened the enemy."

这位八十多岁的神学教授说，最近的事件"对所有忠于伊斯兰共和国和革伊斯兰革命的伊朗人已经造成了深深的遗憾与悲痛，同时使敌人手舞足蹈。"

Islam may not be the sole factor in the repression of women. Local, social, economic, political, and educational forces as well as the prevalence of pre-Islamic customs must also be taken into consideration.

伊斯兰并不是压迫女性的唯一社会因素：地方性的，社会性的，经济的，政治的，教育的种种因素和力量以及前伊斯兰社会的习俗，都是构成因素。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。