伊斯兰

Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of preIslamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

www.28k.cn的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章，绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。

Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

伊斯兰教，在另一方面，代表著一种本质上的决裂，与过去存在的阿拉伯异教信仰；伊斯兰法是考察的结果，从宗教的角度，对法律的主题内容，这些内容远远不是统一的，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家法律的各种因素，以及由被征服土地上非阿拉伯民族的大量法律因素所构成。

In the past three years about $40bn of so-called Islamic bonds – or sukuk – that are structured to avoid overt riba payments have been issued by Middle Eastern and Asian companies, as well as Muslim countries and some non-Islamic institutions, such as the World Bank.

在过去3年中，中东企业、亚洲公司、穆斯林国家以及世界银行等非伊斯兰机构已发行了大约 400亿美元的伊斯兰债券，这些债券在结构设计中避免了直接的利息支付。

To account for the contemporaneity of these interrelated movements, three strands of explanation come readily to mind, each having produced at least some effect: a growing discrepancy between actual practice and the Islamic law, stemming from the acceretion of non-Islamic customs over the course of ten centuries of Muslim history; the impact, direct and indirect, of the European expansion; and a greater degree of communication across the entire length of the Muslim world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries than has generally been supposed.

这些运动何以能够同时发生？有三种解释，每一种都有其道理：1）在穆斯林长达十个世纪的漫长发展史中，一些非伊斯兰的习俗掺杂了进来，致使人们的实际做法与伊斯兰教法之间的差距越来越大；2）来自于欧洲扩张的直接或者间接的影响；3）17和18世纪，整个穆斯林世界内部之间的交流得到加强的程度比人们估计的要多。

After this,the dissertation studied the status in quo and tendency of relation between Islamand nationalism in the Middle East:For Arab nation,Pan-Arab nationalism is increasinglydeclined,but regional Arab nationalism namely'State Nationalism'is now rising,thecontradictory relation between Islamic Fundamentalism and regime of Arab nationalism is stillquite intense,it mainly embodied the challenge of Islamic political opposition to politicallegitimacy and power foundation of regime of nationalism.

文章还分析了中东民族主义与伊斯兰教关系的现状与趋势：对于阿拉伯民族而言，泛阿拉伯民族主义已经日趋衰落，而地区阿拉伯民族主义即&国家民族主义&不断抬升，伊斯兰原教旨主义与阿拉伯民族主义政权之间的矛盾仍将十分紧张，并主要表现为伊斯兰政治反对派对民族主义政权政治合法性和权力根基的挑战。

In the absence of the caliphate a pan-Islamic identity has been sought through organisations such as the Muslim World League and the Islamic Conference.

在缺乏哈里发一个泛伊斯兰身份一直试图通过机构如世界穆斯林联盟和伊斯兰会议组织。

An increasingly active pan-Islamic consciousness, a widely felt sense of the embattled brotherhood of Islam

活跃的泛伊斯兰意识昌升，为伊斯兰信徒作好战斗准备的知觉广泛接受。

The best superiority of new Pan-Islamism was to get the support from many Muslim countries including governments and people, which became actively social thoughts and movements.

新泛伊斯兰主义与纳赛尔主义相比最大的优势是得到众多穆斯林的支持，在实践中既有来自官方的自上而下的倡导，又有群众的自下而上的支持，成为战后伊斯兰世界颇有生气的社会思潮和活动。

New Pan-Islamism emphasized on the Muslim"s unity, which obtained many Muslim countries" appreciation.

新泛伊斯兰主义从伊斯兰传统出发，强调穆斯林团结，深得广大穆斯林国家的欢迎。

Marjane's child's-eye-view of dethroned emperors, state-sanctioned whippings, and heroes of the revolution allows us to learn as she does the history of this fascinating country and of her own extraordinary family.

Persepolis：我在伊朗长大》这套连环图述说了一个伊朗小女孩在伊斯兰革命时期的成长故事。这个小女孩经历了国王被推翻、伊斯兰革命、与伊拉克战争等国家大事。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。