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Like the Testament of the Praetor, it required no Mancipation, and was invalid unless sealed by seven witnesses.

像&裁判官遗命&一样，它不需要&曼企帕地荷&，并且除非有七个证人的封签不生效力。

Mancipation was one of them, and therefore, strange as it may seem, we are forced to conclude that the primitive Roman Will took effect at once, even though the Testator survived his act of Testation.

曼企帕地荷&是其中的一种，因此，虽然看起来很奇怪，但我们还是不得不得出这样一个结论，即原始罗马&遗嘱&是立即生效的，即使&遗嘱人&在其&立遗嘱行为后仍旧生存，也是如此。

The Roman Mancipation required the presence first of all of the parties, the vendor and vendee, or we should perhaps rather say, if we are to use modern legal language, the grantor and grantee.

罗马的&曼企帕地荷&首先要求当事人、也就是出卖人和买受人到场，如果我们用现代法律术语，应该是让与人和受让人到场。

The Testament we are considering —— the Testament per aes et libram,"with the copper and the scales," as it long continued to be technically called —— was an ordinary Mancipation with no change in the form and hardly any in words.

我们现在所研究的&遗命&——即铜衡式&遗嘱&，这是在术语上这样被长期继续称呼的——就是一个普通&曼企帕地荷&，在形式上甚至在用语上都是毫未变动过的。

It was only the enormous practical difference that gradually showed itself between this particular conveyance and all others which caused it to be regarded separately, and even as it was, centuries elapsed before the ameliorators of law cleared away the useless encumbrance of the nominal mancipation, and consented to care for nothing in the Will but the expressed intentions of the Testator.

只在这种特殊让与和一切其他让与之间逐渐发生了巨大的实践上的差别，才使这种让与被分别对待，即使是这样，也还需要经过几个世纪以后，法律改良者才把这名义上的曼企帕地荷，作为无用的累赘而加以清除，并同意在&遗嘱&中除了&遗嘱人&的明白意思外，其他一切都非必要。

The parts of jurisprudence which he looked upon with affection were exactly those which a modern theorist leaves out of consideration as accidental and transitory. The solemn gestures of the mancipation; the nicely adjusted questions and answers of the verbal contract; the endless formalities of pleading and procedure.

他所爱好的那部分法律学，正是现代理论家认为不必加以考虑的和暂时的；例如&曼企帕地荷&中的庄严手势；口头契约中巧妙地安排的问和答；辩护与诉讼中不胜枚举的手续程序。

With these data before us, we are able to note several remarkable points in which the Mancipatory Testament, as it may be called, differed in its primitive form from a modern will.

根据上面所说的资料，我们可以发现原始形式的所谓&曼企帕地荷&式&遗命&和现代的遗嘱之间是有几个显著的不同之点的。

At the era of Gaius, which is that of the Antonine Caesars, the great blemishes of the Mancipatory Will had been removed.

在该雅士时代，也就是安托宁凯撒时代：&曼企帕地荷遗命&的大缺点都已消除。

At the execution of the Mancipatory Testament seven persons had been present besides the Testator.

当&曼企帕地荷遗命&执行时，在&遗嘱人&的旁边有七个人到场。

Like the Mancipatory Will, it passed the Inheritance and not merely a Bonorum Possessio.

但又象&曼企帕地荷遗嘱&一样，它所移转的是继承权，不仅仅是一个遗产占有。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。