任意性

Arbitrariness exhibited in language at all levels is only part of the whole picture.

换言之，语言的任意性和非任意性都作用于人类使用的语言。

There are, in general, two kinds of relationships between the form and the meaning of a linguistic sign: arbitrariness and non-arbitrariness.

本文将在系统研究有史以来具有代表性的任意性和象似性理论的基础上，摒弃矛盾，梳理出自己的观点。

Arbitrariness and motivation are two fundamental characteristics of the linguistic sign.

任意性和理据性都是语言符号重要的客观属性。

It can be concluded from the above analysis that at the beginning of language, simple linguistic signs, coming from sound imitation, natural exclamation and morphological stimulation, took a strong feature of iconicity, while arbitrariness still existed to a little extent. With time going by, the primitives had to create more linguistic signs to meet their needs of survival and development, so that they arbitrarily related the sound patterns and concepts to conventionalize them as linguistic signs adopted in the whole society. During this period of time, arbitrariness played a more important role, while iconicity still worked as phenomena of phonaesthesia designate. With society developing, human beings found that it was not enough to create new signs at will, so they began to make use of some principles like compound, derivation, etc. to form new linguistic signs, either simple or complex. The linguistic signs formed during this period of time always took a better disguise to be iconic, while no one until now could defuse the contributions of arbitrariness of their formation. From the above investigations, it can be seen that arbitrariness and iconicity interact in the whole process of language development at the level of lexicon. If there were no arbitrariness, human language could not expand at the very beginning.

因此可做如下推论：在语言产生之初，简单语言符号的产生常常都是有理据的、象似的，但是仍不排除任意性的作用；后来有理据的词无法满足人们生存和发展的要求，人们开始任意地连接声音形象和概念，并约定俗成获得语言符号，此时任意性起主导作用，但是象似性在音义关系中对语言符号的产生起着不可否认的作用；随着社会的发展，人们发现这些词已经不再能满足需要，而创造更多的词也不是很可能，所以人们开始采用一些构词法来创造新的语言符号，此时产生的语言符号往往更具象似性，但其核心仍然是任意的。

The author points out: Confidence is confidence in not man but system, humanity being vicious, a trustee must be restricted, duty restriction is not replaced by right regulation; Legal aim of restriction should be orientated at maximal benefit of beneficiary, in it, benefit subject is only beneficiary and doesn't included settlor and society, benefit content is physical but not spiritual; A bulk of restriction regulations are default-rule,but there are some mandatory rules, even if they are default-rule, they has mandatory character to some degree, therefore, the intention of settlor which precludes application of restriction regulation is restricted; Modern technique quality of restriction has trend of flexibility, this would be worthwhile approving because it can realize maximal benefit of beneficiary; Strict self-dealing rule doesn't accord with flexibility trend and should re-established.

本章认为，信任不是对人的信任而是对制度的信任，因人性恶的存在，必须对受托人施加约束，而义务约束则是规范中的权利不可替代的。有效约束的目标在于并应定位于受益人利益最大化，该目标的利益主体仅是受益人而不包括委托人和"社会"，利益内容是经济利益而不包括精神利益。本章还认为，约束规范虽然大部分是任意性规范，但也存在强制性规范，即使是任意性规范也具有一定的强制性品格，委托人随意排除的意思受到限制。本章还指出，现代义务约束趋向灵活化，这种技术品质更有利于实现受益人利益的最大化，因而值得肯定。严格的自我交易规则不符合灵活性趋势，应该加以重构。

The first, second and the third chapter mainly make a classification on the logic positivism, meanwhile, it concludes the reason for the deny on the value verification from three parts, randomicity of emotion, limitation of language and unreasonableness of rationality.

本文第一部分即第一、二、三章，主要是对逻辑实证主义所提出的可证实性原则进行了梳理，并从情感的任意性、语言的局限性和理性的无力性三方面总结了他们用以否定价值判断可证实性的理由。

But only the study of graphological iconicity is far from enough for us to thoroughly study iconicity and its rhetorical function in advertising English.

所以，本文通过广告英语对声音象似性、视觉象似性、数量象似性和对称象似性四个象似性原则及其修辞功能进行了较为全面的研究，从而证明了在广告英语中象似性不仅是与任意性相对的语言的自然属性，更是一种重要的修辞手段，并且具有非常重要的作用。

He is also mistaken in thinking that onomatopoeic words have strengthened rather than weakened the theory of arbitrariness of linguistic signs.

裴先生认为拟声词不仅没有削弱语言符号任意性这一根本命题，反而进一步反证了语言符号的任意性，也是错误的。

The widely-accepted classification of sound symbolism is the one made by Hinton, whose four categories are corporeal sound symbolism, imitative sound symbolism, synesthetic sound symbolism and conventional sound symbolism.

然而，音义学的研究成果不但不能否定任意性的地位，反而强有力地证明了任意性和象似性在语言符号中的互动关系。

Finally, the paper points out that the rationales evolution of the voluntary confession rule does not fundamentally

最后，文章指出自白任意性规则理论依据的发展变化并没有从根本上动摇此规则，自白任意性规则仍是自白证据效力判断上的最基本原则。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。