价格垄断

On one hand the traditional price theories usually can neither explain supply and demand relation of the market nor the benefits allotment relation between the bargainers because of the incompletion of the market, such as monopoly, exterior, the information dissymmetry etc.

一方面，由于市场本身的不完全性，如垄断、外部性、信息不对称等因素的存在，传统的价格理论往往不能准确地解释市场的供求关系和交易者之间的利益分配关系；另一方面，随着经济的发展和现代信息技术所带来的便利，越来越多的物品(包括有形物品和无形物品)成为可以交易的商品，出现了越来越多的新市场。

Unfortunately, the result has not been competition to beat down prices and boost speeds, but cosy duopolies that keep bandwidth scarce and carve the market up between incumbents.

不幸的是，这样的竞争结果不是降低价格，提升网速，而是成了狼狈为奸的两强垄断，这使得带宽非常有限，现有市场格局分崩离析。

The scarcity of land supply, land monopoly and the diversity of demand and speculative, will inevitably lead to rising land prices.

稀缺的土地供应，土地垄断和需求的多样性和投机，将不可避免地导致土地价格上升。

Whole libraries have been written on specialized fields alone, such as money and banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange, taxation and public finance, government control, capitalism and socialism, wages and labor relations, interest and capital, agricultural economics, rent, prices, profits, markets, competition and monopoly, value and utility, statistics, business cycles, wealth and poverty, social insurance, housing, public utilities, mathematical economics, studies of special industries and of economic history.

整个体系已经分门别类，如货币与银行，外贸与外汇，税务与公共财政，政府管制、资本主义与社会主义，劳资关系，资本与利率，农业经济学，租值，价格，利润，市场，竞争与垄断，价值与效用，统计学，商业周期，富裕与贫穷，社会保险，住房，公共事业，数理经济学，特殊行业研究和经济史研究。

In the Internet supply market, we establish a Bertrand duopoly game model:one Internet Service Provider with flat - rate pricing scheme for its service and the other ISP with two - part pricing scheme- fixed access fee plus usage fee.

在网络供应市场上，我们建立一个价格竞争的伯川德双垄断模型：一个网络提供商对其提供的网络服务采用固定定价，另一网络提供商采用两部分定价策略--固定链接费加使用费。

Speculators in New York tried to capitalize on the inflated price of gold in relation to paper currency by corning the gold market.

纽约的投机者试图投资与纸币相比价格飞涨的黄金来垄断黄金市场。

Some of the most expensive medicines on the US market – biological drugs such as monoclonal antibodies for cancer – seem set to face price competition after a long period when the difficulties in characterising and safely replicating these products has guaranteed the makers a virtual monopoly even beyond the life of their patents.

美国市场上一些最昂贵的药品——治疗癌症的单克隆抗体等生物药——似乎将面临价格竞争。长期以来，辨别产品特征并安全复制这些药品存在困难，因而即使在专利到期后，制药商仍可保持事实上的垄断。

Some of the precious metals such as rhodium catalyst were used as carbonylation catalyst, which was expensive and more technology was monopolised by foreign country.

在羰基化催化剂方面，多用的铑系贵金属催化剂，价格昂贵且技术多为国外垄断。

In practice, the business of bereavement is monopolised by the Chinese government and state companies owned by local divisions of the ministry of civil affairs, which oversees the industry, and prices are inflated to extortionate levels to provide huge profits.

实际上，中国政府以及负责行业监督的地方民政部门下属的国有企业垄断着殡葬业，价格被抬高到离谱的水平，以创造暴利。

Economists have also been right to apply his theory to a range of microeconomic issues, such as why monopolists set higher prices.

经济学家试图将这一理论运用到一些宏观经济学的领域，例如为什么垄断会导致高价格出现。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。