价格垄断

Chapter 3 studies the investment behavior in monopoly and oligopoly under price ceiling regulation.

第三章分析了独家垄断和寡头垄断条件下价格管制对投资行为的影响。

Chapter 5 mainly studies the market price conduct of the natural monopolistic industrial organization in China.

第5章研究了我国自然垄断产业组织的价格行为，得出了企业价格行为有待规范，而价格规制改革是规范企业价格行为的关键。

In order to further preyed on Chinese raw materials and cheap labour, foreign merchants cornered the silk export market, reaped rich harvest by forcing down the price of raw silk and jacking up the price of filature silk. In 1868, the market value of raw silk was 517 tael of silver per picul, by 1875, the price had fallen to 285 tael per picul.

洋商为了进一步掠夺中国的廉价劳动力和原料，垄断蚕丝出口市场，拼命压低生丝价格，抬高厂丝价格，从中攫取暴利。1868年，生丝每担市值白银517两，到1875年，每担价格已下跌至285两。

The government-oriented land reserve model has achieved some good results, but it is still going under way and some problems do exist, which can be listed as follows: 1 The legal rights of the people whose land has been purchased may be infringed upon because of the government's monopoly over the land purchase price; 2 Aimed at increasing land remise income, the local government reduces land supply for the purpose of raising land price, which arouses people's suspicion upon land reserve system. 3 The government-oriented land reserve model needs large funds and it is difficult to meet the demand for funds mainly by bank loans, which results in more risks in the operation of land reserse funds.

在肯定成效的同时，还应看到政府主导型土地储备模式还处在发展初期，实际工作中也遇到了一些问题：一是要求所有进入城市流转的土地必须由政府统一收购，容易引起地方政府利用垄断权利，压低土地收购价格，侵犯土地被收购者的合法权益；二是政府牢牢掌握城市土地供应的主动权，一切土地经由政府垄断供应，但由于土地供应与地方财政收入密切相关，为增加土地出让收益，地方政府采用"饥饿供地法"来达到提高土地价格的目的，引起了人们对土地储备制度的怀疑；三是政府主导型土地储备模式需要巨额资金加以支持，但以银行贷款为主的融资方式难以满足其资金需求，增加了土地储备资金运行的风险。

Economic GRC is mainly to prevent from repeating construction and over competition, that is to make the social production cost smallest through restricting the competitors' entry and protect the monopoly market structure. This is because the natural monopoly industry has the characteristics of subadditivity.

政府的经济规制主要是对自然垄断产业的价格规制，也就是根据自然垄断成本次可加的特性，通过限制竞争者的进入维护产业的垄断结构，避免重复建设和过度竞争，使社会生产的成本尽量达到最低。

This article explores the following several aspects for innovation.(1) Taking the theories and methods of Regulation Economics and Industrial Organization as our instruction, we study the government regulation mechanism of China's housing market comprehensively and systematically. Combining with the new characteristics of price formation and game, we analyze some problems thoroughly,such as present situation, reason, monopoly structure ,information unsymmetry and land supply under China's price regulation of housing market, and so on.

本文探索如下几个方面以求有所创新：(1)以规制经济学和产业组织理论与方法为指导，全面系统地研究中国住宅市场政府经济规制机理，结合住宅市场价格形成与博弈的新特点，深入剖析中国住宅市场价格经济规制的现状、缘由、土地供给、垄断市场结构、信息不对称以及限价房和保障性住房价格规制等问题。

First, it designs a model of medical care price level regulation in China. The model is based on the natural monopoly price level regulation theory and model, considering the particularity of medical care service market, the main problems of medical care price regulation in China, the change of price index, the imbursement for the cost of service provided to the poor and the information held by the regulator. Second, the mode of medical care provider payment is seen as an important part of medical care price regulation content, and the impact of different payment system especially diagnostic related groups system on medical care costs and quality are analyzed. This develops the basic theory of medical care price regulation to some extent.

一是以自然垄断产业价格水平规制理论和模型为基础，结合医疗服务市场的特殊性与我国医疗服务价格规制的实践，对医疗服务价格水平规制的基础进行深入分析，综合考虑物价指数的变动、为弱势人群提供医疗服务的成本补偿以及医疗服务价格规制者掌握信息等因素，提出我国医疗服务价格水平规制的理论模型；二是将医疗费用支付方式作为医疗服务价格规制的重要内容，并从规制经济学的角度对不同规制模式尤其是按病种预付制对医疗费用和医疗服务质量的影响进行了理论分析，在一定程度上拓展了医疗服务价格规制的基本理论。

Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition Monopolistically Competitive Firm Price MC Price Perfectly Competitive Firm ATC MC ATC P P = MC P = MR MR Demand 0 Quantity produced Efficient scale Quantity 0 Quantity produced = Efficient scale Quantity

图3。 垄断竞争与完全竞争垄断竞争企业价格 MC ATC 价格 MC ATC 完全竞争企业 P 过剩生产能力需求产量生产量有效规模 P = MC P = MR 需求曲线产量产量=有效规模产量

Advertisement competition decision making analysis for double oligarchies monopolization market;2. By using the current microeconomic theories and analyzing methods, the paper approached the causes of monopolization in natural gas industry, and also analyzed the market structure and pricing system under the conditions of monopolization .

围绕我国天然气工业发展初期的市场发育不全、定价机制不能反映供需要求和价格扭曲等问题，运用现代微观经济理论和分析方法，系统地探讨了天然气工业形成垄断的原因，并对垄断环境下的天然气市场特征及价格机制进行研究。

Article 4 The State protects fair and lawful pricing, and prohibits price frauds, monopolies and other illegitimate pricing.

第四条 国家保护公平、合法的价格行为，禁止价格欺诈、垄断和其他不正当的价格行为。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。