价格

Auction is the one-way and competitive game. Alienator only offers the lowest price, while Consignee determine the acquisition price.

要约收购是一种典型的一对多的博奕，收购方决定单一价格，上市公司股东有选择权，而没有定价权；协议收购属于场外交易一对一的情况，通过谈判确定收购的最终价格；场内收购价格是证券交易所集中连续交易价格，收购者决定权为是否在当前价格收购；拍卖收购是是多对一、竞价形成、不完全单向的逆向收购行为，拍卖方提供收购底价权，多个竞价者通过竞价最终确定收购价格。

Because of the deficiency of the index analysis method, the author puts forward the increment analysis method as an improved method, studies and demonstrates the theory and method and procedure and points for attention of the increment analysis.

第二部分，第四章至第六章，属于指数的应用研究，在对价格类型和价格指数体系进行分类和分析的基础上，研究和构建了股价指数、国债价格指数和证券投资基金价格指数三维一体的金融证券价格指数体系，并对这三种价格指数的理论和应用作了系统的研究和探索。

This dissertation explores the Value Price Theory of Adam Smith, the Price Theory of David Ricardo, the Labor Value Theory of Karl-Marx, the Price Theory of the production expenditure of J. Say, the Marginal Utility theory of Eugen Von Bohn-Bawerk and the Equilibrium Price Theory of Maxieer. Meanwhile it researches the modem market price theory and modern enterprise price practice. Using Marxism and modern market price theory synthetically to analyze passenger price formation mechanism of Civil Aviation of China overall, systematically and deeply on theory.

本文全面分析了亚当·斯密的价值价格理论、大卫·李嘉图的价值价格理论、马克思的劳动价值论、萨伊的生产费用价格论、庞巴维克的边际效用论和马歇尔的均衡价格论，分析了现代市场价格理论以及企业定价实践研究的成果，综合运用马克思主义及现代市场价格理论，对中国民航客运价格形成机制进行了全面、深入、系统的理论分析。

In order to use price sensitivity measurement to determine the price,questionnaire survey was carried out and price of marginal cheapness,price of marginal expensiveness,indifference pricing point,optimal pricing point,price stress and range of acceptable prices of 2 km starting distance was calculated with the surveyed data.

为利用敏感度测量法制定合适的租价，实施了问卷调查，利用回收问卷所得到的数据分析了出租车2 km起步时其起步价格体系中的下限价格、上限价格、无差别价格、最小抵触价格、价格承受带和价格可接受区域。

Comparisons between market performance under auction mechanisms and that under market maker mechanisms are made in terms of liquidity, stability, efficiency and transparency. The comparative results show that certain price formation mechanics integrated with specific market environment can affect market performance. The results of the test that is used to verify the liquidity of security market in China indicate that current price formation mechanics can provide the securities market with better liquidity. But the fixation of the minimum changing price lowers the liquidity of the market factitiously and close call auction mechanisms result in increased price fluctuation and price manipulation. Through the analysis on the competitive strategy of securities market, the objects and principles of the design of price formation mechanisms are established.

本文推导出了竞价机制和市商机制下证券市场的均衡价格，结果表明不同的价格形成机制对资产的真实价格有着不同的反映；从证券市场的流动性、稳定性、有效性和透明度等四个方面分别对竞价机制和做市商机制下的市场绩效进行了比较分析，结果表明一定的价格形成机制和特定的市场环境相结合就会对市场绩效产生不同的影响；通过对我国证券市场的流动性进行实证检验，发现当前我国证券市场价格形成机制能够为市场提供较好的流动性，但固定的最小变动价位人为地降低了市场流动性，并且封闭式的开盘集合竞价导致价格波动加大和市场操纵。

4Based on a fact that the price formula of Asian options can be transformed into that of vanilla European option when the time to maturity is less than or equal to the length of average, we skillfully obtain the analytical price formula for the option on the minimum or the maximum of two geometric average prices and generalize it to obtain the price formula of several average prices for the first time. We also apply the method of [121], which approximates the arithmetic average by the geometric average, to the pricing of opitons on the minimum or the maximum of two arithmetic average prices to obtain Its approximated price formula. Numerical results show that the approximated price is relatively accurate when the riskless interest rate is large or the option is in the money and the volatility of two underlying assets are high and its accuracy is a little reduced but still good when the dividends are considered. However, it is hardly affected by the sampling number.

我们基于观察到的一个事实即当离到期时间小于或等于平均期间时亚洲期权的价格可变换成普通的欧式期权的价格，从而巧妙地得到了两个几何平均价格的最小或最大值期权价格的解析公式，通过简单地推广，首次得到了多个几何平均时的价格公式；将[121]用于算术平均亚洲期权的定价方法推广到两个算术平均价格的最小或最大值期权，从而得到它的渐进公式，数值结果表明：渐进价格的准确性在无风险利率较大或期权为实值且两标的资产的波动率较小时较好，抽样的个数对它没有影响，但考虑红利时它稍有下降但仍较好。

The basic principle of unequal exchange can be described simply as "buying cheap and selling dear", in such a way that a commodity or asset is bought either: 1 below its real value, and sold at a higher value, or 2 at its real value, but sold above its real value, or 3 above its real value, and sold at a price even higher than its already inflated acquisition cost e.g.

不等价交换的基本原理被简单地描述为"低价买进，高价卖出"不等价交换的基本原理被简单地描述为"低价买进，高价卖出"，按照这样的方式，一件商品或者资产可以：照这样的方式，一件商品或者资产可以： 1低于其真实价值买进，以更高的价格卖出，或低于其真实价值买进，以更高的价格卖出， 2按其真实价值买进，但以高于其真实价值的价格卖出，或按其真实价值买进，但以高于其真实价值的价格卖出， 3按高于其真实价值的价格买进，以甚至高于其已经上升的购置成本按高于其真实价值的价格买进，例如股市卖出。

First, it designs a model of medical care price level regulation in China. The model is based on the natural monopoly price level regulation theory and model, considering the particularity of medical care service market, the main problems of medical care price regulation in China, the change of price index, the imbursement for the cost of service provided to the poor and the information held by the regulator. Second, the mode of medical care provider payment is seen as an important part of medical care price regulation content, and the impact of different payment system especially diagnostic related groups system on medical care costs and quality are analyzed. This develops the basic theory of medical care price regulation to some extent.

一是以自然垄断产业价格水平规制理论和模型为基础，结合医疗服务市场的特殊性与我国医疗服务价格规制的实践，对医疗服务价格水平规制的基础进行深入分析，综合考虑物价指数的变动、为弱势人群提供医疗服务的成本补偿以及医疗服务价格规制者掌握信息等因素，提出我国医疗服务价格水平规制的理论模型；二是将医疗费用支付方式作为医疗服务价格规制的重要内容，并从规制经济学的角度对不同规制模式尤其是按病种预付制对医疗费用和医疗服务质量的影响进行了理论分析，在一定程度上拓展了医疗服务价格规制的基本理论。

Then the author analyzes empirically China's terms of trade from 1981,and the causes of the change in the net barter terms of trade by means of regression analysis ,which can be quantitied.we get the results that China's net barter terms of trade had a declining trend while its income terms and factorial terms of trade had been improved,and the net barter terms of trade positively correlates with actual tariff rate,exchange rate and negatively correlates with GDP,besides,the factors which can not be quantitied such as pure price fighting,inappropiate tariff sytem,foreign-invested enterprises's tranfer pricing and region trade agreement also lead to the above trend of China's net barter terms of trade,and the change in China's net barter terms of trade had a neglect impact on international trade benefit.

得出中国价格贸易条件总体上存在下降趋势，收入、要素条件呈现改善的趋势；实际关税率、汇率与价格贸易条件存在正相关关系，GDP指数与其负相关。出口企业恶性价格竞争、不合理的关税体制、外资企业的转移定价、区域贸易集团是造成中国价格贸易条件下降的非量化因素。此外，本文分析了1981-2004年价格贸易条件变动导致的中国国际贸易利益变化，发现价格贸易条件变动对中国国际贸易利益产生了一定的负面影响。最后，本文在分析中国价格贸易条件变动环境的基础上，认为中国工业化阶段不高、贸易限制性政策实施空间的减小、&合成谬误&现象及知识经济时代的到来会在一定时期内对价格贸易条件变动不利。

If one deflates the rise in commodity prices given above by the increase in the unit value of exports of manufactures from high-income countries, one obtains the following increases in real prices: 147 per cent for all commodities, 192 per cent for energy, 77 per cent for non-energy, 131 per cent for industrial metals and 104 per cent for agricultural commodities.

如果从上述大宗商品价格上涨中剔除掉高收入国家制成品出口单价的上涨，就会得到以下的实际价格涨幅：所有大宗商品价格上涨147%，能源价格上涨192%，非能源价格涨77%，工业金属价格涨131%，农产品价格涨104%。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了