价值判断

Based on the general principle of value, and by analyzing the instrument value and destination value of its study and application, this article is trying to disclose the diversity, the complication and the doubleness of its value, to point out the practical meaning of the study and to establish an evaluation system to judge it objectively and reasonably, thus imposing the necessary limit on its value. In this way, we can make the most of its positive side and avoid or dispel its negative side.

本文立足于价值的一般原理，通过对克隆技术研究和应用的工具价值和目的价值的全面剖析，揭示其价值的多样性、复杂性和正负两面性，指出对其价值限度研究的实践意义，并且尝试建构一套价值评判体系对克隆技术进行客观、合理的价值判断，以此实现对克隆技术价值的必要限度，使之最大程度地发挥正价值，避免或消解其负价值。

By the principle of Verification logical positivism drives problems of value out of philosophy.

逻辑实证主义根据"可证实性原则"斥逐价值问题；杜威在认可"可证实性原则"的前提下，从"价值表达的可证实性"、"情感、欲望的可证实性"、"评价判断的可证实性"三个方面证明了价值判断的可证实性，从而捍卫了哲学研究价值问题的合法性。

According to their theory, they thought the value judgment including ethics and moral is meaningless statement, this result leads to a possible situation: If value judgment is unverifiable, certainly, people will doubt on both meaning and effectiveness of the judgment; if value judgment is unverifiable, the guide for people will also be meaningless, and rational intellect have to give way to the ambient pressure as well as the nescient preference.

这种关于价值判断是不可证实的论证将导致的可能后果是严重的：如果价值判断是不可证实的话，那么人们必然会对价值判断的意义和有效性产生彻底的质疑；如果价值判断是不可证实性的话，那么哲学对人类生活的指导将会显得十分无力，理性的智慧将不得不让度给无知、外在的压力和盲目的偏好。

This article writes from the theory "the unverification of value judgment " and its supporting reasons, contends for the rationality of the logic positivism which stands for the univerification of the value, and tries to reestablish the confidence on the possible meaning and effectiveness of the value verification through criticizing logic positivism's principle of verification and their reasons for the univerification of value judgments.

本文从"价值判断是不可证实的"这一论断的提出及其论证理由入手，检讨逻辑实证主义及其继承者关于价值判断是不可证实的这一理论的合理性，并通过对逻辑实证主义的可证实性原则及其否定价值判断可证实性的理由的批判，力图消解人们对价值判断可证实性的误解，重新确立对寻求价值判断意义和有效性的信心。

In the interpretation and value judgment of an art work it is undebatable that there is no fixed meaning nor objective value; there are only relative meaning and value judgment.

无论作品意义的解释和价值判断，绝没有固定的意义与客观的价值，仅有相对的意义与价值判断。

But the morality is in principle not quantifiable and untestable speculation, few researchers investigate the practical research on relevant morality cognition. The research method employs Social Judgment Theory,(SJT, Hammond, 1975) to investigate that Kaohsiung city citizen think about multiple attributes relevant information to reflect morality cognition of fairness or careness in the everyday life. The aim is to prove the abstract concept of morality judgment, provide the base of empirical structure in the future study, and reflect individuality society structure state.

本研究以社会判断(Social Judgment Theory， SJT)为研究方法，探讨高雄市民众在日常生活运作中，必须同时考虑多个相关属性资讯，依本身价值体系直觉认知对於日常公、私事务作价值判断，成为日常生活最基本的现象，藉由道德认知代验证公平或关怀的抽象观，提供未道德研究的实证架构，以及从个体同的道德认知判断的结果反映所在社会生活域结构。

The second part of the thesis consists of three chapters, which focus on arguing for the rationality of "the unverifiable value judgment" from three points, the verification on the value judgment and emotion, the verification on value judgment and the language logic and the verification on the value judgment and rationality. The fourth chapter mainly discuss the verification on value judgment and emotion.

本文第二部分，即第四、五、六这三章，集中反驳&价值判断是不可证实的&这一论断的合理性，主要是从逻辑实证主义和情感主义对价值判断可证实性的三方面攻击入手，分别对情感与价值判断的可证实性、语言逻辑与价值判断的可证实性和理性与价值判断的可证实性三者进行再考察，第四章主要探讨情感与价值判断可证实性。

From the view of language analyze, the value term is hard to be defined, but it still can be found through daily use, and by the analyze on imperative sentence, we can also find that although the value judgment taken as criterion usually appears in the command order, it can be suitably apperceived in the concrete situation where this command occurs.

从价值判断的语言分析的角度看，价值词虽然难以定义，但是价值词的意义仍然可以通过实际的使用而得以发现，而通过对祈使句的分析，我们发现尽管作为规范的价值判断通常以命令的形式出现，但是这种命令可以返回到发出命令的现实语境中进行合理性的考察。

In about the last decade of the nineteenth century, social science positivism reached its final form by realizing, or decreeing that there is a fundamental difference between facts and values, and that only factual judgments are within the competence of science: scientific social science is incompetent to pronounce value judgments, and must avoid value judgments altogether.

大约在十九世纪最后十年，社会科学实证主义到达其最后形式，认识到或者说判定，事实和价值之间具有根本的差异，只有事实判断为科学之力所能及：科学的社会科学无力宣示价值判断，必须完全避开价值判断。

There is a brief introduction about the development of western just view in Chapter one, among them it is a key about understanding of the social just concept and value judgment, which create the academic background for the just dispute of Rolls and Nozick, promise that will explain next at the same time; Chapter two in this text should explain emphatically, through the two theory frame exposition and comparative analysis, we can draw the conclusion that the essential of the dispute focuses on the value judgment of social justice, that is to say , it is the understanding to right " question ; It is the investigation of social background aboutthe dispute mainly in Chapter three, this shows , the thinking essences of any social justice are all demanded by the reform to the unreasonable social current situations , and this kind of reform often needs implementing to the system or system aspect, therefore the thinking to the theory needs putting in the specific social environment, only through this can we make the accurate judgment ; Begin from chapter four, it is the practical problem that the full text needs solved, namely the unjust problem existing in the transitional country. By probing into the reference meaning of just ideas between Roils and Nozick, and build up foreshadowing for the system of the last chapter; The last chapter, the corresponding solution has be put forward aimed at the origin of the unjust phenomenon that our society make the transition, namely under the background of system innovation, we should structure the scientific management mode, and realize from "good policy " to the basic " good at managing .

第一章简要的介绍了西方正义观的演变过程，其中关于社会正义概念的理解和价值判断是个关键，同时也是为接下来要阐述的罗尔斯、诺齐克正义观的争论创设一个理论的背景；第二章是本文要着重阐述的环节，通过对两者理论框架的阐述和比较分析，得出两者争论的根本还是社会正义的价值判断上，也就是对于&权利&问题的理解；第三章的设置主要对两者争论的社会背景的考察，由此可以看出，任何社会正义的思考实质都是对不合理的社会现状的改革诉求，而这种改革往往需要落实到体制或制度层面，因而对于理论的思考也需要放在特定的社会环境中，才能做出准确的判断；从第四章开始，是全文需要解决的实际问题，即针对转型国家在转型中存在的非正义问题，探讨罗尔斯、诺齐克正义理念的借鉴意义，并为最后一章的制度架构做铺垫；全文最后一章，针对我国社会转型中的非正义现象的产生根源，提出了相应的解决办法，亦即在制度创新的背景下，构建科学管理模式，实现从&善政&到&善治&的根本转变。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。