仰卧位

During CT scan,patients were in supine position, and the teeth in the middle of the contactposition on the jaw; and maintain a static head and body during the scanningprocess, did not swallow; measurement parameters including: soft palatelength, maximum thickness of the soft palate, pharynx lateral spacing, uvula length and base width of the free edge ofsoft palate to the throat wall spacing, velopharyngeal cross-sectional area,angina cross-sectional area,thickness of retropharyngeal wall.

随机对10例患者进行系统的腭咽CT测量，测量时间为术前、术后3个月、术后6个月；测量方法为：患者在清醒状态下进行平静呼吸时的上气道CT扫描，范围自听眶线至声门。利用CT工作站进行三维重建和测量。CT扫描时患者取仰卧位，牙齿处于正中颌的接触位上。

Summary of Background Data. Since CT and MRI 3-dimensional (3D) analysis of the spinal architecture are done in supine position, measurements of the relative position of the cervical vertebrae in vivo in standing position requires stereoradiography.

背景数据概要：CT、三维MRI 分析仰卧位时颈椎的结构，体内竖立位时测量颈椎相对位置则需要立体X线照相术。

Results In most patients, the first urination occurred in 2～3 hours after renopuncture, uroschesis developed in 4～6 hours after renopuncture. The rate of uroschesis in teenager was higher than that in adult, and it was also higher in patients with prone position than patients with supine position. The rate reduced by induced urination in 2 hours after renopuncture.

结果 多数患者在肾脏穿刺术后2～3小时完成第1次自主排便，尿潴留的发生时间以术后4～6小时为最多，少年组尿潴留的发生高于成年组、术后处于俯卧位的患者较处于仰卧位的患者更易发生尿潴留，术后2小时采用诱导排尿方法能降低术后尿潴留的发生。

objective to evaluate efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyfor treating ureteral stones in situ,investigate the cause of higher re-treatment rate.methods total of 687 patients with ureteral stone were received eswl between january 2000 and december 2004,included 455 male(66.2%) and 232 female(33.8%) patients,6 cases have bilateral ureteral calculi,12 cases have unilateral multiple calculi.hence,together 709 ureteral calculi were treated.patients upper ureteral calculi were treated in the supine position,for lower ureteral calculi patients were turned prone.to reduce eswl-induced renal trauma and pain,using lower energy source,adjusted power setting from 9.8 to 13.2kv,limited 1500 shock wavs per one session.no auxiliary procedure were used before eswl.the stone size was measured as the surface area of stone length by stone width on x-ray film.the interval between two treatment sessions was two weeks.results of 709 ureteral calculi,the overall stone free rate was 97.3%(690 calculi),re-treatment rate was 34.1%(292 calculi).according to the performed treatment sessions,one session 467 calculi,the mean stone size 37.27mm2,stone free rate 65.4%(464 calculi).two sessions 138 calculi,the mean stone size 62.48mm2,stone free rate 18.4%(131calculi).three sessions 52 calculi,the mean stone size 79.60mm2,stone free rate 7.1%(50calculi).four sessions 19 calculi,the mean stone size 101.63mm2,stone free rate 2.4%(17calculi).fivesessions 33 calculi,the mean stone size 119.33mm2,stone free rate 3.9%(28 calculi).overall 19 cases(2.7%)turned to other treatment modalities.of 335 upper ureteral calculi,303 achieved stone free (95.8%),re-treatment rate was 38.5%(129 calculi).of 374 lower ureteral calculi,369 achieved stone free(98.7%),re-treatment rate was 30.2%(113 calculi).the re-treatment rate of upper ureteral calculi was higher than lower ureteral calculi(p＜0.05,χ2=5.40).the difference of stone-free rate between upper and lower ureteral calculi was no significant(p＞0.05,χ2=0.15).conclusion eswl should be considered first line therapy for ureteral stone still.stone burden are the main variable of higher re-treatment rate,upper ureteral stone may moving with respiring during eswl.so efficinet shock wave was decreared,re-treatment rate become higher.

目的 评估体外震波碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效，探讨再治疗率高的原因及输尿管结石的治疗选择。方法回顾2000年1月～2004年12月间eswl治疗输尿管结石的临床资料687例，男455例（66.2%），女232例（33.8%），平均年龄46.6岁（15～83岁）。有双侧输尿管结石6例，单侧多发性输尿管结石12例（4颗1例，3颗2例，2颗9例），共计输尿管结石709颗（含透光结石13颗）。应用上海爱申公司生产的desunit6030型碎石机，c臂x线球管做结石定位。上段输尿管结石（肾盂输尿管交界处至骶髂关节上缘）取仰卧位，下段输尿管结石（骶髂关节上缘下至输尿管口）取俯卧位。为减少eswl引起的肾损伤和疼痛，应用较低的能量，震波发生器电压从9.8～13.2kv，震波频率1.5s。每次治疗设定为1500次震波。治疗后3天摄腹部平片或b超，以后每隔7日重复检查。假如结石未碎或有残留结石最长径＞3mm以上，再次eswl，两次治疗的间隔时间为两周。结石的大小用x线片上的表面积（mm2表示。结果 709颗输尿管结石总的治愈率为97.3%（690颗），再治疗率34.1%（242颗）。其中一次治疗467颗，平均结石大小37.27mm2，治愈464颗（65.4%），3颗改治疗；两次治疗138颗，平均结石大小62.48mm2，治愈131颗（18.5%），7颗改治疗；第1和第2次治疗治愈率（1个月治愈率）为83.8%。3次治疗52颗，平均结石大小79.60mm2，治愈50颗（7.1%），2颗改治疗；4次治疗19颗，平均结石大小101.63mm2，治愈17颗（2.4%），2颗改治疗；5次及5次以上治疗33颗，平均结石大小119.33mm2，治愈28颗（3.9%），5颗改治疗。总计19颗（2.7%）结石改变治疗方式。上段输尿管结石335颗，治愈321颗（95.8%），再治疗129颗（38.5%）。下段输尿管结石374颗，治愈369颗（98.7%），再治疗113颗（30.2%）。经χ2检验，上、下段输尿管结石的再治疗率差异有显著性（χ2=5.40，p＜0.05），治愈率差异无显著性（χ2=0.15，p＞0.05）。不良反应：血压升高13例（1.9%），震波区域疼痛26例（3.8%），震波进入处皮肤点状淤血33例（4.8%），肉眼血尿128例（18.6%），均于第2、3天自行消失。结论 eswl目前仍是输尿管结石的第一线治疗，结石的大小是再治疗率高的主要因素。结石的位置有影响，上段输尿管结石可随呼吸移动，有效震波次数减少，再治疗率比下段输尿管结石高。eswl前注重病例筛选可降低再治疗率。

The head-up tilt table testing is performed using a specially designed tilting table in which, when the patient is tilted from supine to upright positions, asoagal syncope is precipitated in predisposed patients.

头向上倾斜试验在特殊设计的倾斜床上进行，患者由仰卧位向直立位过渡，此时对于易感病人血管迷走性晕厥。

In side-lying, the clinical accuracy expected was 0.9 ± 0.6 cm of error while, when measured supine, it was 3.5°± 2.8° of error.

侧卧位的临床期望准确度的答应误差为0.9 ± 0.6 cm，而仰卧位的答应误差为3.5°± 2.8°。

If client cannot tolerate sitting, supine position is allowed for anterior chest and side-lying position is used for posterior chest.

如病人无法坐起，可取仰卧位听诊前胸，侧卧位听诊后背。

B. If client cannot tolerate sitting, supine position is allowed for anterior chest and side-lying position is used for posterior chest.

如病人无法坐起，可取仰卧位听诊前胸，侧卧位听诊后背。

If client ca ot tolerate sitting, supine position is allowed for anterior chest and side-lying position is used for posterior chest.

如病人无法坐起，可取仰卧位听诊前胸，侧卧位听诊后背。

The patient is taken lie on one's back or left, on the right side of lie, take seat examination when necessary, mixture of skin besmear lotus root, put probe at getting hurt directly place, according to the dissection of flat bone the characteristic makes vertical, horizontal slip scanning. 2 results in 58 patients, costal fracture 25, clavicular fracture 15, sternal fracture 12, fracture of skull parietal bone 6. The acoustic image chart of fracture of 3 discussion flat bone appears:(1) fresh fracture.

患者取仰卧位或左、右侧卧位，必要时取坐位检查，皮肤涂藕合剂，将探头直接放于受伤部位，根据扁骨的解剖特征作纵、横滑动扫查。2结果58例患者中，肋骨骨折25例，锁骨骨折15例，胸骨骨折12例，颅顶骨骨折6例。3讨论扁骨骨折的声像图表现：(1)新鲜骨折。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。